Computational modelling and statistical evaluation of thermal runaway safety regime response on lithium-ion battery with different cathodic chemistry and varying ambient condition

Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) have been widely applied in electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage devices. The battery thermal management system (BTMS) critically impacts the safety and degradation of LiBs. Phase change material (PCM) is a promising passive BTMS solution owing to its high latent heat and non-parasitic power consumption requirements. In this paper, paraffin (PA) as the PCM was embedded in the copper foam to enhance the heat dissipation of the cooling material. The thermal responses of the battery module were comparatively investigated under different thermal management solutions, including natural air, pure PCM, and copper foam-PCM. A battery module consisting of 16 thermal dummy cells (TDC) was designed, built, and calibrated to replace real commercial 21,700 NMC battery cells. The findings indicate that the proposed copper foam-PCM solution effectively enhances heat dissipation and improves the temperature uniformity of the battery module. For instance, in the condition of intensive operation (60% depth of discharge and 3C discharge), copper foam-PCM composite material reduces the maximum temperature rise from 57.4 °C to 51.4 °C (-10.4%) compared to pure PCM. At ambient temperatures of 25 °C and 35 °C, the temperature inhomogeneity of the battery module with copper foam-PCM is maintained within 5 °C and 2 °C, respectively. Besides, the effect of copper foam-PCM cooling on the cell-to-pack conversion efficiency was evaluated. The gravimetric cell-to-pack ratio (GCTP) and volumetric cell-to-pack ratio (VCTP) of the battery pack employing the proposed BTMS reached 53.1% and 45.6%, respectively. 

Experimental study of battery passive thermal management system using copper foam-based phase change materials

A critical review of lithium-ion battery safety testing and standards

In this work, a composite cooling system including composite phase change material(CPCM) and liquid cooling is designed for battery pack, and the effects of coolant flow rate, battery spacing, thermal conductivity of CPCM, channel number of cooling plate on the safety performance of battery pack under thermal runaway propagation are studied. The results reveal that: (1)Coolant flow rate increase mainly delays the thermal runaway propagation on both sides of cooling plate. When the coolant flow rate is 0.029 m/s, the thermal runaway propagation time through the cooling plate is 32.9s, which is extended by 1.84 times than that at 0.009 m/s (2)Battery spacing increase delays thermal runaway propagation and changes the propagation path. (3)Thermal conductivity reduction of CPCM can significantly delay thermal runaway propagation, because the heat is concentrated in the periphery of the battery and is hard to transfer though CPCM and cooling plate. (4)Compared with other influence factors, channel number of cooling plate has less influence on the overall thermal runaway propagation time. When the channel number is between 5 and 1, the total thermal runaway time changes within 25.5s–27s. The conclusions in this work are helpful to design a safer thermal management system for lithium-ion battery packs. 

Effect of composite cooling strategy including phase change material and liquid cooling on the thermal safety performance of a lithium-ion battery pack under thermal runaway propagation

Review of gas emissions from lithium-ion battery thermal runaway failure — Considering toxic and flammable compounds

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118278

Characterizing and predicting 21700 NMC lithium-ion battery thermal runaway induced by nail penetration

Experimental study of three commercially available 18650 lithium ion batteries using multiple abuse methods

Comprehensive gas analysis of a 21700 Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2) cell using mass spectrometry

Comprehensive Study of the Gas Volume and Composition Produced by Different 3–230 Ah Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Cells Failed Using External Heat, Overcharge and Nail Penetration Under Air and Inert Atmospheres

Comprehensive Study of the Gas Volume and Composition Generated by 5 Ah Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Li-Ion Pouch Cells Through Different Failure Mechanisms at Varying States of Charge

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