Abstract Mechanochemical transformations have made chemists enter unknown territories, forcing a different chemistry perspective. While questioning or revisiting familiar concepts belonging to solution chemistry, mechanochemistry has broken new ground, especially in the panorama of organic synthesis. Not only does it foster new “thinking outside the box”, but it also has opened new reaction paths, allowing to overcome the weaknesses of traditional chemistry exactly where the use of well‐established solution‐based methodologies rules out progress. In this Review, the reader is introduced to an intriguing research subject not yet fully explored and waiting for improved understanding. Indeed, the study is mainly focused on organic transformations that, although impossible in solution, become possible under mechanochemical processing conditions, simultaneously entailing innovation and expanding the chemical space.

Mechanochemistry: New Tools to Navigate the Uncharted Territory of “Impossible” Reactions

In the last decades, mechanochemical processing has emerged as a sustainable method for the large-scale production of a variety of nanomaterials. In particular, mechanochemical synthesis can afford well-dispersed metal-oxide nanoparticles, which are used in wide-ranging applications including energy storage and conversion, environmental monitoring, or biomedical uses. This article reviews recent progress in the mechanochemical synthesis of metal-oxide nanoparticles, explores reaction mechanisms, and contrasts the influence of chosen process parameters on the properties of end products. The role of choice of reaction pathway, as well as advantages and limitations compared to other synthesis methods are discussed. A prospect for future development of this synthetic method is proposed. Mechanochemistry is driven by mechanical energy input, which often alleviates the need for solvents or heating to achieve desired products. Here, the author reviews mechanochemical syntheses of metal-oxide nanoparticles, exploring reaction mechanisms, and contrasting the influence of process parameters on the properties of end products.

/pdf/mechanochemical-synthesis-of-metal-oxide-nanoparticles-1nhckrswph.pdf

Mechanochemical synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles

The development of new green methodologies and their broader adoption for promoting sustainable development in chemistry laboratories and industry play a significant role in society, due to the economic importance of chemistry and its widespread presence in everyday life. Therefore, a sustainable approach to chemistry contributes to the well-being of the worldwide population and complies with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) and the European Green Deal. The review highlights how batch and continuous mechanochemical methods are an eco-friendly approach for organic synthesis, with a lower environmental footprint in most cases, compared to solution-based procedures. The assessment is objectively based on the use of green metrics (e.g., atom and real atom economy, E-factor, process mass intensity, material parameter recovery, Eco-scale, stoichiometric factor, etc.) and indicators (e.g. DOZN tool and life cycle assessment, LCA, studies) applied to organic transformations such as synthesis of the amide bond, carbamates, heterocycles, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), porphyrins, porous organic polymers (POPs), metal- or acid-catalysed processes, multicomponent and condensation reactions, rearrangements, etc. The generalized absence of bulk solvents, the precise control over the stoichiometry (i.e., using agents in a stoichiometrically rather than in excess), and the more selective reactions enabling simplified work-up procedures are the distinctive factors, marking the superiority of mechanochemical processes over solution-based chemistry.

Green metrics in mechanochemistry.

Spectroscopic investigation, molecular structure, catalytic activity with computational studies of a novel Pd(II) complex incorporating unsymmetrical tetradentate Schiff base ligand

Mechanochemistry provides an environmentally benign platform to develop more sustainable chemical processes by limiting raw materials, energy use, and waste generation while using physically smaller equipment. A continuously growing research community has been steadily showcasing examples of beneficial mechanochemistry applications at both laboratory and preparative scales. Given the yet unstandardised nature of mechanochemical processes compared to solution-based chemistry, scaling up is still a nascent discipline. The purpose of this review is to highlight similarities, differences and challenges of the various approaches that have been successfully applied for a range of chemical applications at various scales. We hope to provide a discussion starting point for those interested in further developing mechanochemical processes for commercial use and/or industrialisation.

Tinkering with Mechanochemical Tools for Scale Up.

We have synthesized a completely new family of acyclic trimeric cyclodiphosphazane compounds comprising NH, Ni Pr, Nt Bu and NPh bridging groups. In addition, the first NH-bridged acyclic dimeric cyclophosphazane has been produced. The trimeric species display highly tuneable characteristics so that the distance between the terminal N(H)R moieties can be readily modulated by the steric bulk present in the bridging groups (ranging from ≈6 to ≈10 A). Moreover, these species exhibit pronounced topological changes when a weak non-bonding NH⋅⋅⋅π aryl interaction is introduced. Finally, the NH-bridged chloride binding affinities have been calculated and benchmarked along with the existing experimental data available for monomeric cyclodiphosphazanes. Our results underscore these species as promising hydrogen bond donors for supramolecular host-guest applications.

N-Bridged Acyclic Trimeric Poly-Cyclodiphosphazanes: Highly Tuneable Cyclodiphosphazane Building Blocks.

Mechanosynthesis is a powerful alternative to traditional solvent-based synthesis as it allows for higher yields in shorter reaction times, while minimizing the use of solvents. Although mechanoche...

Multigram Mechanochemical synthesis of a Salophen Complex: A Comparative Analysis

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Gavin Hum

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

N-Bridged Acyclic Trimeric Poly-Cyclodiphosphazanes: Highly Tuneable Cyclodiphosphazane Building Blocks.

Multigram Mechanochemical synthesis of a Salophen Complex: A Comparative Analysis