A brief history of the discovery of tick-borne encephalitis virus in the late 1930s (based on reminiscences of members of the expeditions, their colleagues, and relatives).

Postulation of and evidence for provirus existence in RSV-transformed cells and for an oncogenic activity associated with only part of the RSV genome.

This chapter provides a personal insight into the scientific and social atmosphere in former Czechoslovakia. It covers the period of the rise of Hasek's immunologic school and application of immunologic tolerance to Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) heterotransmission. These approaches permitted establishment of a new model of mammalian cells transformed by RSV (virogenic XC cells), where the noninfectious viral genome was kept indefinitely as new genetic information (provirus). RSV was rescued from nonpermissive mammalian cells by fusion (complementation) with permissive chicken fibroblasts; this opened the way to understanding virus nonpermissiveness. Mammalian cells transformed by the reverse transcript of v‐ src mRNA were characterized, and the resulting provirus was shown to be highly oncogenic for chickens and to carry tumor‐specific transplantation antigen. Other areas covering epigenetic reversion of RSV‐transformed cells and long‐term persistence of chicken leucosis viruses in foreign avian species are discussed.

/pdf/foundations-in-cancer-research-the-turns-of-life-and-science-4wbpvr8v1z.pdf

Foundations in cancer research. The turns of life and science.

Alexey Olovnikov: theoretical biology beyond the margins.

Publisher Summary Retroviruses have played a pivotal role in the definition of oncogenes as initiators of cell transformation and as important genes contributing to many cases of tumorigenesis. Retroviruses not only acquire oncogenes, but can also activate, by their strong promotor-enhancer elements, their normal counterparts called protooncogenes when integrated in their vicinity. The function of oncogenes is closely related to the role of their cognate ancestors, and proto-oncogenes especially involved in cell proliferation, mitogenic cascade, signal transduction, cell behavior, and differentiation. Retroviruses are responsible for the AIDS pandemics representing a threat for certain human populations, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Comparative retrovirology also provides strong support for the unequivocal etiological role of retroviruses in several immunodeficiency syndromes. Different kinds of neurodegenerative symptoms were revealed in retrovirus infection that seem to be related to the early steps of virus entry in the cell, which is made possible by the fusion of virions with the cell membrane. The outcome of retrovirus infection is deeply influenced by the maturity of the infected individual.

Heterogeneous pathogenicity of retroviruses: lessons from birds, primates, and rodents.

Publisher Summary Zilber's contribution to virology is regarded as fundamental The general biological significance of the virogenetic theory was that the principle of integration of viral genomes and cells laid the basis for the malignant transformation of normal cells into malignant ones This principle was valid for all tumors induced by viruses and was later validated after the discovery of integration of retroviruses through reverse transcription and the discovery of the possible etiological role of such viruses as human T-cell leukemia virus, human papilloma virus (HPV), Epstein–Barr virus, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in certain human neoplasias Although the integration of genomes is necessary, it is far from being sufficient for malignant transformation Only a part of viral genome is necessary for the malignant transformation of cells The integration of the genetic material of a virus and a cell was fully confirmed, and then led to the identification of viral oncogenes, responsible for the process of malignant transformation The virogenetic theory of the origin of tumors became a stepping stone to contemporary virology and experimental oncology

Lev Zilber, the personality and the scientist.

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Lev Zilber, the personality and the scientist.