A social license to operate for aquaculture: Reflections from Tasmania

Marine aquaculture has the potential to increase its contribution to the global food system and provide valuable ecosystem services, but appropriate planning, licensing and regulation systems must be in place to enable sustainable development. At present, approaches vary considerably throughout the world, and several national and regional investigations have highlighted the need for reforms if marine aquaculture is to fulfil its potential. This article aims to map and evaluate the challenges of planning and licensing for growth of sustainable marine aquaculture. Despite the range of species, production systems and circumstances, this study found a number of common themes in the literature; complicated and fragmented approaches to planning and licensing, property rights and the licence to operate, competition for space and marine spatial planning, emerging species and diversifying marine aquaculture production (seaweed production, Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture [IMTA], nutrient and carbon offsetting with aquaculture, offshore aquaculture and co-location and multiuse platforms), and the need to address knowledge gaps and use of decision-support tools. Planning and licensing can be highly complicated, so the UK is used as a case study to show more detailed examples that highlight the range of challenges and uncertainty that industry, regulators and policymakers face across interacting jurisdictions. There are many complexities, but this study shows that many countries have undergone, or are undergoing, similar challenges, suggesting that lessons can be learned by sharing knowledge and experiences, even across different species and production systems, rather than having a more insular focus. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/raq.12783

Planning and licensing for marine aquaculture

The role of community and company identities in the social license to operate for fin-fish farming

Exploring public perceptions and expectations of the salmon aquaculture industry in Norway: A social license to operate?

Salmon aquaculture production has grown considerably in recent years, and parallel to this growth public interest in production and product has also increased. In most salmon producing countries there have been reports of both public dismay and support for the industry. In this paper we investigate and compare public perceptions, understood as to what degree the industry has a social license to operate, across three countries. In Tasmania (AU), Iceland and Norway, the salmon aquaculture industry has a varying foothold, something which is also reflected in public perceptions. An outline of the three contextual settings is therefore provided. We undertook surveys using a standardized questionnaire which was distributed to respondent panels in the three countries. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings show some similarities and notably mostly differences between the respondent groups. A comparative approach as reported here requires understanding of contextual factors to offer explanatory power to the analysis. The results from the comparative survey is therefore discussed in light of the various contextual settings. We found that many respondents are supportive of the aquaculture industry in their respective countries (Iceland less so), but that there is something amiss, which the respondents feel is not achieved. While support is related to industry contributions of food production, employment, and business activity, the respondents also report acceptance of the industry and view the industry to be important. However, the respondents are less supportive of the industry with regards to sustainability, industry regulation, and distribution of economic benefits. We suggest that efforts to increase societal support for aquaculture must be adapted and related to the contextual environment the industry operates in, both locally and nationally. A pivotal element in this context is the public's knowledge of the industry, which is deemed important for their assessment of perceived advantages and challenges posed by the industry on both local and national level, and the necessary trade-offs between them in forming a supportive or critical opinion. 

Social license to operate for aquaculture – A cross-country comparison

Measuring social licence: What and who determines public acceptability of aquaculture in New Zealand?

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Measuring social licence: What and who determines public acceptability of aquaculture in New Zealand?