Early and precise detection of glucose in human bodily fluids/blood is critical for prompt diabetes diagnosis. In the present chapter, Graphene and its derivatives-based biosensors have been discussed especially for their glucose detection. The sensing performance of different graphene-based biosensors for glucose detection has been compared w.r.t. their sensitivity, stability, and limit of detection. The basic sensing mechanism of several biosensors is also detailed here. An outlook and possible challenges in this ever-changing subject have also been emphasized. 

Graphene-Based Electrochemical Glucose Biosensor, Critical Review

In the last decade, much focus has been on developing biosensors with sensitivity and selectivity embedded as an integral part of point-of-care testing (PoCT) or micro-total analysis systems (µ-TAS). Bioresorbable biosensors with high performance to cost index have been realized with progress in material science and innovation in fabrication/packaging technologies. The development of such sensors is critical in minimizing electronic and medical waste helping to achieve a circular economy and thereby sustainable future. In this chapter, we delve into the material set both organic and inorganic bioresorbable for realizing high-performance biosensors. Further, the healthcare applications of such sensors for monitoring vital body signatures like pressure, temperature neural activity, and breath analysis are discussed with examples. We also summarize the major challenges in developing bioresorbable biosensors. 

Bioresorbable Biosensors

The present chapter describes the recent progress in transition metal oxide (TMO)- based electrochemical biosensors. A detailed review of the synthesis mechanism of different TMO nano-particles like Fe2O3, TiO2, Mn2O3, and NiO via sol–gel and hydrothermal approach has been described here. Different surface modification techniques of electrodes have also been discussed in this chapter. Additionally performance of different TMO based bio sensor has been discussed. Finally, a future perspective of these TMO-based electrochemical biosensors has been presented. 

Current Progress in Transition Metal Oxide-Based Electrochemical Biosensors

In recent times, two dimensional (2D) materials have been widely explored due their extensive applications in realizing electronics, optoelectronics and energy generation/storage devices. Such materials depict improved performance with modifications in their structural orientation, with selective doping, and by formation of heterojunctions. These monolayer structures encompass transition metals and metal oxide (MO) based system. The 2D materials depict high surface to volume ratio resulting in highly sensitive electronic property making them sensitive with respect to changes in their surroundings. In the present chapter, we elucidate three important applications of these 2D materials: (i) opto-electric applications, (ii) energy storage, and (iii) electronic sensing. In this chapter, we will elucidate different novel and high performance 2D materials which are used for the aforementioned applications which includes: (i) graphene and graphene heterojunction as charge transport layer and ternary layer in solar cell and optoelectronic devices, (ii) mxene as a novel material for Li and Na ion batteries, (iii) MoS2 as sensing material for biosensors. Here, a thorough discussion on these 2D materials and the specified applications. In addition, vital advantages of these 2D materials over other conventional materials have also been discussed. This chapter will serve as a guideline for researchers and scholars to obtain an insight into 2D materials and their applications in thrust areas of sensing, energy generation and storage. 

Challenges and Opportunities for Emerging Material Systems

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Challenges and Opportunities for Emerging Material Systems