Iron is an essential mineral for oxygen transport and energy production. Increased requirements, as with pregnancy, or inadequate dietary intake of iron may lead to varying degrees of depletion. If iron depletion is severe, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) occurs. By World Health Organization standards, anemia during pregnancy is a hemoglobin (Hb) concentration ≤13.0 g/dl, and by this definition anemia may complicate over 50% of all gestations in the United States.1 Of pregnant women with an abnormally low Hb concentration and packed cell volume (PCV), 75–85% have IDA.2 Indeed, some degree of iron depletion appears to be almost universal during pregnancy. The problem is compounded by multiple gestations, successive pregnancies (<2–3 years apart), adolescent pregnancy, chronic blood loss, intravascular hemolysis, and poor iron absorption associated with certain medical conditions.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1179/1024533213Z.000000000197

Iron deficiency anemia

A potential risk of interactions between micronutrients affecting absorption and bioavailability has to be considered in any supplementation or fortification strategy. At levels of essential micronutrients present in foods, most micronutrients appear to utilise specific absorptive mechanisms and not be vulnerable to interactions. In aqueous solutions and at higher intake levels competition between elements with similar chemical characteristics and uptake by non-regulated processes can take place. These interactions have clearly been demonstrated in experimental absorption studies and to some extent have been confirmed in supplementation studies. Negative effects of iron supplementation on indices of zinc and copper status and of zinc supplementation on iron and copper status have been reported. In contrast, the negative effect of calcium on iron absorption has not been confirmed in long-term supplementation studies. Ascorbic acid has a strong iron absorption promoting potential and in iron deficient populations ascorbic acid supplementation improves iron status. Thus, ascorbic acid supplements or an increased intake of ascorbic acid rich foods could have important public health implications, especially in populations subsisting on a mainly plant food based diet. The effect of poor status of a given micronutrient on absorption and utilisation of other micronutrients should also be considered while developing strategies to improve micronutrient status in a population. Awareness of these interactions, combined with a balanced evaluation of the dietary intake of the population with regard to absorption promoting and inhibiting substances and the risk for multiple deficiencies, could lead to more effective strategies to improve micronutrient status.

/pdf/micronutrient-interactions-effects-on-absorption-and-5g3hwndpj7.pdf

Micronutrient interactions: effects on absorption and bioavailability.

Iron is an essential element for human life since it participates in many functions in the human body, including oxygen transport, immunity, cell division and differentiation, and energy metabolism. Iron homeostasis is mainly controlled by intestinal absorption because iron does not have active excretory mechanisms for humans. Thus, efficient intestinal iron bioavailability is essential to reduce the risk of iron deficiency anemia. There are two forms of iron, heme and nonheme, found in foods. The average daily dietary iron intake is 10 to 15 mg in humans since only 1 to 2 mg is absorbed through the intestinal system. Nutrient–nutrient interactions may play a role in dietary intestinal iron absorption. Dietary inhibitors such as calcium, phytates, polyphenols and enhancers such as ascorbic acid and proteins mainly influence iron bioavailability. Numerous studies have been carried out for years to enhance iron bioavailability and combat iron deficiency. In addition to traditional methods, innovative techniques are being developed day by day to enhance iron bioavailability. This review will provide information about iron bioavailability, factors affecting absorption, iron deficiency, and recent studies on improving iron bioavailability.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.2c01833

Iron Absorption: Factors, Limitations, and Improvement Methods

Demir eksikli¤i anemisi dunyada en s›k ve en yayg›n olarak gorulen anemidir. Ozellikle sut cocuklar› ve genc k›zlarda daha s›k gozlenir. Etioloji de¤ifliklik gostermekle birlikte, s›kl›kla demirden fakir beslenme, kan kay›plar› ve emilim bozukluklar› sonucu geliflir. Cocuklarda solukluk, kardiovaskuler ve norolojik belirtiler, pika, kafl›k t›rnak, glossit, anguler stomatit gibi epitel de¤ifliklikleri gibi belirtiler ile kendini gosterir. Tedavi oral veya parenteral demir ile yap›l›r. (Turk Ped Arfl 2009; 44 Ozel Say›: 14-8) Anahtar kelimeler: Demir eksikli¤i, pediatrik, tan›, tedavi

Iron absorption in young Indian women: the interaction of iron status with the influence of tea and ascorbic acid

Effect of vitamin C supplementations on iron deficiency anemia in Chinese children.

Invasive fungal infection is associated with antibiotic exposure in preterm infants: A multicentre prospective case-control study.

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Effect of vitamin C supplementations on iron deficiency anemia in Chinese children.

Invasive fungal infection is associated with antibiotic exposure in preterm infants: A multicentre prospective case-control study.