General-purpose operating systems provide inadequate support for resource management in large-scale servers. Applications lack sufficient control over scheduling and management of machine resources, which makes it difficult to enforce priority policies, and to provide robust and controlled service. There is a fundamental mismatch between the original design assumptions underlying the resource management mechanisms of current general-purpose operating systems, and the behavior of modern server applications. In particular, the operating system's notions of protection domain and resource principal coincide in the process abstraction. This coincidence prevents a process that manages large numbers of network connections, for example, from properly allocating system resources among those connections. We propose and evaluate a new operating system abstraction called a resource container, which separates the notion of a protection domain from that of a resource principal. Resource containers enable fine-grained resource management in server systems and allow the development of robust servers, with simple and firm control over priority policies.

/pdf/resource-containers-a-new-facility-for-resource-management-1cciidh5ge.pdf

Resource containers: a new facility for resource management in server systems

Stream processing applications are used to ingest, process, and analyze continuous data streams from heterogeneous sources of live and stored data, generating streams of output results. These applications are, in many cases, complex, large-scale, low-latency, and distributed in nature. In this paper, we describe the design principles and architectural underpinnings for stream processing applications. These principles are distilled from our experience in building real-world applications both for internal use as well as with customers from several industrial and academic domains. We provide principles, guidelines, as well as appropriate implementation examples to highlight the different aspects of stream processing application design and development. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Design principles for developing stream processing applications

Library service protocols are provided for moving large data objects into an out of a data image library with attention to security, authentication, and consistency of related images stored in different machines. The protocol consists of particular message sequences, special tokens within messages, and out-of-sequence database changes.

Method and means for providing access to a library of digitized documents and images

A method is presented for marking high-quality digital images with a robust and invisible watermark. A broad definition of robustness, stated as fundamental, is used. It requires the invisible mark to survive and remain detectable through all image manipulations that in themselves does not damage the image beyond useability. These manipulations include JPEG "lossy" compression and, in the extreme, the printing and rescanning of the image. The watermark is imparted onto an image as a random, bur reproducible, small modulation of its pixel brightnesses, and becomes a permanent part of the marked image. Detecting the imparted watermark, especially after image manipulation, is a daunting task. It is one of detecting the presence of a known small modulation of a random carrier where the carrier is composed of the pixel brightness values of the unmarked image. The method presented exploits the not well understood but superb ability of the human visual system to recognize a correlated pattern in a scatter diagram called a "visualizer-coincidence image." Results of application of the method are presented.

Protecting publicly-available images with an invisible image watermark

A survey of password mechanisms: Weaknesses and potential improvements. Part 2

Cryptographic methods of data protection have taken on new importance as computers have become faster and as strong cryptographic algorithms, such as the Data Encryption Standard (DES), have become available. But a standard encipherment technique is only the first step in applying cryptography in a computing center. This paper discusses the Information Protection System (IPS), a set of cryptographic application programs designed to use the DES algorithm in a working computing center. In designing IPS, several important augmentations of DES were formulated. IPS was first implemented to help increase computing-center security at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center and is now widely installed at other IBM locations. IPS is not an IBM product and is not available for use outside IBM, but many cryptographic techniques in IPS were incorporated into the IBM cryptographic products announced in 1977.

The IPS cryptographic programs

The VM/370 Resource Limiter (RESLIM), a facility available on the computer systems of the IBM Thomas, J. Watson Research Center, enables users, user management, and the site's Computing Center to monitor and contorl usage of various computing resources. If a user's consumption of a particular resource exceeds a previously established limit, RESLIM takes actions designed to improve system performance and resource availability. Possible actions include degrading the user's priority, forcing the user off the system, or simply sending a warning message to the user and/or other VM users.

The VM/370 resource limiter

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The IPS cryptographic programs

The VM/370 resource limiter