Mobility size development and the crystallization path during aerosol decomposition synthesis of TiO2 particles

In this experimental study, aerosol methods for producing titanium dioxide powders and increasing our knowledge of particle and crystal formation have been developed. Powders and ultrafine particles of titanium oxide were produced by an aerosol droplet decomposition route in tubular laminar flow reactors in air and nitrogen atmospheres. Reactor temperatures up to 1500°C were used with residence times in the range of 150 s. Novel methods were introduced for the production of micron sized powders, investigation of crystallization of anatase in the particles, and for studying the formation of crystal phase and morphology on ultrafine particles at different temperatures. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, aerosol measurements by differential mobility analyzer and inertial impactor as well as materials characterization by diffraction and spectroscopic methods were performed. In addition, the production conditions in aerosol reactors were evaluated using computational fluid dynamics calculations. The results showed that titanium dioxide powders can be produced from ultrafine up to micron sized particles via droplet decomposition and in-droplet hydrolysis methods starting from a titanium alkoxide precursor. Crystal phase and crystallite size can be controlled by reactor conditions and by thermal post-annealing. Anatase formation in amorphous particles was observed near surfaces. Investigation of ultrafine particles revealed morphology development of rutile and anatase single crystals. The 60 and 120 nm diameter rutile crystal morphologies development was observed in mobility particle size measurements. The 20 nm diameter anatase particle morphology showed the development of crystallographic {011} and {001} surfaces.

Aerosol production and crystallization of titanium dioxide from metal alkoxide droplets

/pdf/aerosol-production-and-crystallization-of-titanium-dioxide-27543p9o7j.pdf

Aerosol synthesis methods for the production of nanostructured fullerene particles have been developed. The nanostructured, ultrafine fullerene particles were produced by vapor condensation and aerosol droplet drying and crystallization methods in tubular laminar flow reactors. The formation mechanisms were studied by measuring particle-size distributions is the gas phase. High-resolution scanning and transmission electron microscopy methods were used to observe particle morphology and crystal structure, and to study the crystallization mechanisms of the fullerene particles. The production conditions of fullerene particles during synthesis, i.e. gas temperature and flow profiles in the reactor, were evaluated using computational fluid dynamics calculations. In order to study the role of fullerene vapor during crystallization, fullerene particle evaporation dynamics in the laminar flow was modeled using aerosol particle evaporation theory. In addition, a high-performance liquid chromatography method was utilized to study whether it was possible to separate different fullerenes during aerosol processes. The study demonstrated that ultrafine (30–60 nm) fullerene particles can be generated by vapor condensation in a continuous-flow reactor. The size of the fullerene particles can be controlled by varying the reactor temperature. The ultrafine particles are spherical, solid and polycrystalline at processing temperatures of 500 °C and above. The larger fullerene particles with sizes around 100 nm were produced via an aerosol droplet drying method, starting from fullerene-toluene solution droplets. The particles are roughly spherical with pores and voids, and are nanocrystalline when produced at low reactor operating temperatures (20–200 °C). At higher temperatures of up to 400 °C, the particles are denser and mostly polycrystalline. The crystallinity of a fullerene particle can be controlled by changing the reactor operating temperature during the aerosol droplet drying synthesis.

Aerosol synthesis of nanostructured, ultrafine fullerene particles

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Aerosol synthesis of nanostructured, ultrafine fullerene particles