This article reviews the principal modes of dental composite material degradation and relates them to the specific components of the composites themselves. Particular emphasis is placed on the selection of the monomer resins, the filler content, and the degree of monomer conversion after the clinical materials are cured. Loss of mechanical function and leaching of components from the composites are briefly described, while a more detailed description is provided of studies that have considered the chemical breakdown of materials by agents that are present in the oral cavity, or model the latter. Specific attention will be given to the hydrolysis process of monomer and composite components, i.e., the scission of condensation-type bonds (esters, ethers, amides, etc.) that make up the monomer resins, following reaction of the resins with water and salivary enzymes. A synopsis of enzyme types and their sources is outlined, along with a description of the work that supports their ability to attack and degrade specific types of monomer systems. The methods for the study of biodegradation effects are compared in terms of sensitivity and the information that they provide. The impact of biodegradation on the ultimate biocompatibility of current materials is discussed from the perspective of what is known to date and what remains to be studied. The findings of the past decade clearly indicate that there are many reasons to probe the issue of biochemical stability of composite resins in the oral cavity. The challenge will now be to have both industry and government agencies take a pro-active approach to fund research in this area, with the expectation that these studies will lead to a more concise definition of biocompatibility issues related to dental composites. In addition, the acquired information from such studies will generate the development of alternate polymeric chemistries and composite formulations that will require further investigation for use as the next generation of restorative materials with enhanced biostability.

Relation of Dental Composite Formulations To Their Degradation and the Release of Hydrolyzed Polymeric-Resin-Derived Products:

Statement of problem The ability of tooth-colored restorative materials for provisional restorations to resist stains is important when interim prostheses are worn for a long period. Discoloration of provisional restorative materials may result in patient dissatisfaction and additional time and expense for replacement. However, the effect of different staining agents on the color difference of resin composite restorative materials has not been completely clarified. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stainability of auto- and light-polymerized composite provisional restorative materials, reinforced microfill, and microhybrid resin composite restorative materials upon exposure to different staining agents. Material and methods Forty-five cylindrical specimens (15 × 2 mm) were prepared for each of an autopolymerized bis-acryl composite provisional restorative material (Protemp II), a light-polymerized composite provisional restorative material (Revotek LC), a reinforced microfill (Micronew), and a microhybrid composite (Filtek Z250, Herculite XRV) restorative material, using a brass mold. The specimens were wet-ground with 1000-grit silicon carbide abrasive paper for 10 seconds. The 5 restorative material specimens were divided into 9 groups (n=5) and stored for 24 hours at 37°C in different types of solutions: water, coffee, coffee with sugar, tea, tea with sugar, coffee with artificial creamer and sugar, cola, red wine, or sour cherry juice. Color of all specimens was measured before and after exposure with a colorimeter using CIE L ∗ a ∗ b ∗ relative, and color changes (ΔE ∗ ) were then calculated. The data were analyzed with a 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and mean values were compared by the Tukey HSD test (α=.05). Results The interaction of provisional restorative materials and staining agents was statistically significant ( P =.0001). For the 5 restorative materials tested, the lowest ΔE ∗ values were observed in the water, cola, and sour cherry juice groups. The highest color difference for all restorative materials was observed in the red wine groups. For microhybrid composite materials and light-polymerized composite provisional material, when tea and coffee groups with and without sugar were compared, both groups with sugar demonstrated a higher color difference than without sugar. When comparing the 5 different restorative materials, the reinforced microfill material group (Micronew) demonstrated significantly less color change than the other materials tested. The highest color difference in this study was observed for specimens in the light-polymerized composite provisional material group (Revotek LC). Conclusion The reinforced microfill restorative material tested was found significantly more color stable than the autopolymerized bis-acryl, light-polymerized composite provisional restorative materials, and microhybrid composites tested. The largest color difference was observed in the light-polymerized composite provisional material. The presence of sugar in coffee and tea increased the color difference compared to coffee or tea without sugar for light-polymerized composite provisional material and microhybrid composites.

Effects of different drinks on stainability of resin composite provisional restorative materials.

Comparison of the color stability of ten new-generation composites: An in vitro study

Color stability of microfilled, microhybrid and nanocomposite resins—An in vitro study

This article reviews theprincipal modesofdental composite material degradation andrelates themtothespecific com- ponents ofthecomposites themselves. Particular emphasis isplaced ontheselection ofthemonomerresins, thefiller content, and thedegree ofmonomerconversion after theclinical materials arecured. Lossofmechanical function andleaching ofcomponents fromthecomposites arebriefly described, while amoredetailed description isprovided ofstudies that haveconsidered thechem- ical breakdown ofmaterials byagents that arepresent intheoral cavity, ormodelthelatter. Specific attention will begiven tothe hydrolysis process ofmonomerandcomposite components, i.e., thescission ofcondensation-type bonds(esters, ethers, amides, etc.) that makeupthemonomerresins, following reaction oftheresins with water andsalivary enzymes. Asynopsis ofenzyme types andtheir sources isoutlined, along with adescription oftheworkthat supports their ability toattack anddegrade specific types of monomersystems. Themethods forthestudy ofbiodegradation effects arecompared intermsofsensitivity andtheinformation that theyprovide. Theimpact ofbiodegradation ontheultimate biocompatibility ofcurrent materials isdiscussed fromtheper- spective ofwhatisknowntodateandwhatremains tobestudied. Thefindings ofthepastdecade clearly indicate that there are manyreasons toprobe theissue ofbiochemical stability ofcomposite resins intheoral cavity. Thechallenge will nowbetohave bothindustry andgovernment agencies take apro-active approach tofundresearch inthis area, withtheexpectation that these studies will leadtoamoreconcise definition ofbiocompatibility issues related todental composites. Inaddition, theacquired information fromsuchstudies will generate thedevelopment ofalternate polymeric chemistries andcomposite formulations that will require further investigation foruseasthenextgeneration ofrestorative materials withenhanced biostability.

Relation of dentalcompositeformulations to theirdegradation and the release of hydrolyzedpolymeric-resin-derived products

Composite degradation in vivo

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Composite degradation in vivo