Crystals present a uniquely simple environment for the investigation of strong electromagnetic fields. When energetic charged particles are incident on crystals close to major crystallographic directions, their electromagnetic interactions depend crucially on the kinematic conditions. The coherence of the crystalline field can produce very strong electric fields in the rest frame of the particle, exceeding the so-called Schwinger field or quantum critical field. In that domain, the radiation emission takes a substantial part of the electron energy and the ``formation zone'' changes character. In this review the theory appropriate to the different kinematics domains is described, concentrating on the effects occurring at extreme fields. Properties discussed include strong field synchrotron radiation, channeling radiation, bremsstrahlung, and photon interactions. Applications are given to radiation sources, bending of particle beams, and sources of polarized GeV photons.

The interaction of relativistic particles with strong crystalline fields

Radiation emitted by unpolarized high-energy electrons penetrating crystals may be linearly polarized. This occurs when the particle velocity makes an angle with respect to some major crystal axis that is appreciably larger than the axial-channeling angle. For such an orientation, a complete description of spectral and polarization characteristics of the radiation is derived. At planar channeling, a nonperturbative contribution to the probability of the process appears to be caused by the plane field, and we must solve exactly a one-dimensional mechanical problem. For that, the approximate form of the actual plane potential is suggested which provides a precise fit for any crystal plane and an analytical solution to the motion problem. In a practical case, we must consider electron-photon showers developing in sufficiently thick crystals. For the first time, to our knowledge, this development is described taking into account the polarization of photons. We discuss qualitative features of the phenomenon, present results of numerical calculations for thin and thick crystals, and evaluate the possibility of the use of differently oriented crystals in a polarized hard-photon source.

Emission of polarized photons from unpolarized electrons moving in crystals

Monte Carlo simulation code has been developed and tested for studying the passage of charged particle beams and radiation through the crystalline matter at energies from tens of MeV up to hundreds of GeV. The developed Monte Carlo code simulates electron, positron and photon shower in single crystals and amorphous media. The Monte Carlo code tracks all the generations of charged particles and photons through the aligned crystal by taking into account the parameters of incoming beam, multiple scattering, energy loss, emission angles, transverse dimension of beams, and linear polarization of produced photons. The simulation results are compared with the CERN-NA-59 experimental data. The realistic descriptions of the electron and photon beams and the physical processes within the silicon and germanium single crystals have been implemented.

Computer simulation of coherent interaction of charged particles and photons with crystalline solids at high energies

The Na59 collaboration aims to measure the linear polarization of its photon beam in the 20-170 GeV range, using an aligned thin crystal. The tracks of $e^-/e^+$ pairs created in two different crystal targets, germanium and diamond, are reconstructed to obtain the photon spectrum. Using the polarization dependence of the pair production cross section in an aligned crystal, photon polarization is obtained to be 55% at the vicinity of 70 GeV.

Measuring the linear polarization of $\gamma$s in 20-170 GeV range

Measuring the linear polarization of γs in 20–170 GeV range

Na59 Experiment at CERN-SPS aims for obtaining circularly polarized high energy photons (~100GeV) starting from an unpolarized electron beam. The basic principle of operation was predicted in 1962 by Cabbibo and has remained untested up to now. Among other physics goals, Na59 collaboration investigates usage of crystals for high energy photon polarimetry. This paper presents the experiment and summarizes some of the results obtained as of Autumn 2000.

Na59 Experiment at CERN

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Na59 Experiment at CERN