This study investigated the production of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil using iron-doped solid catalyst produced from cow horn. The catalyst was characterised using scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) analysis and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential thermal analysis (DTA). The transesterification experiments were planned using a Box-Behnken design (BBD) while three expert systems namely response surface methodology (RSM), artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) were evaluated to assess their capacity to model and optimise the process. The results of characterisation of the catalyst indicated the suitability of the catalyst for the transesterification reaction which was attributed to the dominant elements which were calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe). The performance of the three optimisation tools was assessed using statistical indices and the results showed that ANFIS performed better than ANN and RSM in that order. This was demonstrated in the very high R2 value (R2 = 0.9999) and low error values (MSE = 0.0010, RMSE = 0.0059, SEP = 0.0074%, MAE = 0.0277 and AAD = 0.0325%). All three models predicted very high biodiesel yields (>98%) although ANFIS (yield = 99.30%) performed slightly better than ANN (yield = 99.10%). The properties of biodiesel produced at the optimised conditions were compared with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards and they were found to be within the acceptable limits indicating suitability of the fuel.

Optimum biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil using functionalized cow horn catalyst: A comparative evaluation of some expert systems

In this study, waste and discarded cooking oils (WCO) of palm, sunflower, rice bran and groundnut oils are collected from local restaurants. The high viscous WCO was converted into waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOBD) by a single-stage transesterification process. During the transesterification process, the important parameters which show a significant change in biodiesel yield are studied using the optimization tool of response surface methodology (RSM). Results reported that 91.30% biodiesel yield was achieved within L18 experiments and NaOH catalyst was identified as the most influential parameter on WCOBD yield. Artificial Intelligence (AI) based modeling was also carried out to predict biodiesel yield. From AI modeling, a predicted yield of 92.88% was achieved, which is 1.70% higher than the RSM method. These results reveal the prediction capabilities and accuracy of the chosen modeling and optimization methods. In addition, the significant fuel properties are measured and observed within the scope of ASTM standards (ASTMD6751) and fatty acid profiles from chromatography reveal the presence of high unsaturated fatty acids in WCOBD. Therefore, utilizing the waste cooking oils for biodiesel production can mitigate the global challenges of environmental and energy paucity.

/pdf/biodiesel-production-from-waste-cooking-oil-characterization-4jz7aglkz5.pdf

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil: Characterization, Modeling and Optimization

Biomass‐based heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production: A comprehensive review

Optimization of biodiesel production from rice bran oil by ultrasound and infrared radiation using ANN-GWO

Biodiesel is a promising alternative to fossil fuels and mainly produced from oils/fat through the (trans)esterification process. To enhance the reaction efficiency and simplify the production process, various catalysts have been introduced for biodiesel synthesis. Recently, the use of bio-derived catalysts has attracted more interest due to their high catalytic activity and ecofriendly properties. These catalysts include alkali catalysts, acid catalysts, and enzymes (biocatalysts), which are (bio)synthesized from various natural sources. This review summarizes the latest findings on these bio-derived catalysts, as well as their source and catalytic activity. The advantages and disadvantages of these catalysts are also discussed. These bio-based catalysts show a promising future and can be further used as a renewable catalyst for sustainable biodiesel production.

/pdf/bio-derived-catalysts-a-current-trend-of-catalysts-used-in-2zyryp7a4l.pdf

Bio-Derived Catalysts: A Current Trend of Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production

In this work, waste chicken eggshell (WCES) was used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO). The catalyst was prepared via calcination technique. R...

Biodiesel production from low-grade oil using heterogeneous catalyst: an optimisation and ANN modelling

Carbon nanotubes have been the concentration of all-encompassing research due to the excellent mechanical, thermal, electrical and magnetic properties. In the present work fifteen specimens of polymer composites is manufactured, multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT’s) are considered as filler material for proposed volume based amount and for three unique direction of E glass fiber. The effect of different percent loadings of MWCNTs on the morphology and thermal behavior of the composites had been inspected. Thermal analysis investigation showed that a clear improvement of thermal stability of composites increased with increasing MWCNTs content. The experimental results are compared with statistical results and found to be in good agreement.

/pdf/manufacturing-and-characterization-of-cnt-based-polymer-57d66o11y0.pdf

Manufacturing and characterization of CNT based polymer composites

This paper describes an analytical approach to des cribe the areas where Pipes (used for flow of fluid s) are mostly susceptible to damage and tries to visualize the flow behaviour in various geometric conditions of a pipe. Fluent sof tware was used to plot the characteristics of the flow and gambit software was used to design the 2D model. Two phase Computation al fluid dynamics calculations, using K-epsilon model were employed. This simulation gives the values of pressure and ve locity contours at various sections of the pipe in which water as a media. A c omparison was made with the sudden and gradual chan ge of pipe diameter (i.e., expansion and contraction of the pipe). The numerical results were validated against experiment al data from the literature and were found to be in good agreement.

/pdf/comparison-of-flow-analysis-of-a-sudden-and-gradual-change-411n62nzjy.pdf

Comparison of flow analysis of a sudden and gradual change of pipe diameter using fluent software

Effect on Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Based Composite

Heat exchangers involve the heating and cooling of fluids inside the conduits which serves as a major industrial application. The augmentation of heat swap can be acquired modifying the geometries which is the most effective technique. By providing the geometry with some intermittent distress promoters along the direction of flow will lead to an increase in the rate of heat swap. In the extant study there are five different geometries considered in total with different shapes of fins/grooves arranged inside the pipe. The different geometries considered are namely plane rectangle, square groove, rectangle groove, L - Groove 1 and L - Groove 2 and analysed for various inlet velocities using the ANSYS-FLUENT software. The intent of the work is to obtain maximum amount of heat transfer possible. Among the five different geometries considered, Model – 4 is found out to exhibit the maximum heart transfer at various inlet velocities. This increase in the heat swap values is owed to the accumulation of the flow at the fins arranged. The pressure and velocity contours are inversely proportional to each other. So, lower the value of the velocity; higher the pressure will be developed. The pressure developed for a lower velocity contour ultimately leads to the intensification of the heat swap values. The software generated data has maintained good correlation with the regression data. The proposed geometry which was found to be the best can be applied in various fields during the transportation of fluids or any other preferable medium.

Comparative study of different pipe geometries using cfd

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