Polymer electrolyte films containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with various CdI2 inorganic salt contents are prepared using an ultrasonic wave and a casting method for studying the effect of cadmium iodide (CdI2) additions on the microstructure, optic and dielectric characteristics of the PVA film. Incorporating CdI2 inorganic salt affects the microstructural parameters of the proposed films. UV–Vis–NIR optical spectroscopy explores the influence of the inorganic CdI2 salt content on the optical characteristics. For 3.7 wt% CdI2 inorganic salt sample, each of the materials is a possible candidate for UV-shielding applications, the prepared polymeric electrolyte films begin a blocking light between 190 and 276 nm of UV–Vis light. The gap energy in the visible region attributes to a reduction in the size of the crystallite, with increasing CdI2 concentrations. The band gaps enhance the behavior of light absorption and the materials examined were suited for optical UV protection systems. The ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolyte films is studied as a function of the added CdI2 inorganic salt. The AC impedance in PVA polymeric electrolyte film behaviors also depends on the incorporation of CdI2 inorganic salt which improves their dielectric parameters. CdI2/PVA composite films showed a new trend in the electrical and optical behavior for many applications especially UVC light blocking.

Optical Analysis and UV-Blocking Filter of Cadmium Iodide-Doped Polyvinyl Alcohol Polymeric Composite Films: Synthesis and Dielectric Properties

Owing to the growing development of electronics manufacturing in tandem with the need for integration of electronic devices in the smallest size available, the need for multifunctional detectors becomes an insisted demand. Hence, the present research reports the enhancement of the optical and photoelectrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol, PVA, in ultraviolet and visible light regions by incorporating brilliant green dye, BG, nanoparticles of particle size 67.5 nm in PVA matrix. The molecular and crystal structure studies of PVA-BG spin-coated films are performed for verification of the influence of the embedded BG-dye molecules in the PVA matrix. The surface morphology and roughness of PVA-BG films are inspected and revealed a smooth nature of the film with average roughness ~ 4.157 nm. Significant enhancement of PVA optical properties is detected after adding BG nanoparticles using UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometry, where a strong absorption in the visible region has resulted. Four exciting transitions are estimated with energies ~ 1.69, 2.31, 2.96, 3.29 and 4.64 eV. These enhanced properties are exploited in fabricating MIS structure based on Ag/PVA-BG/p-Si/Al as a dual-functional detector for sensing temperature and light intensity. The sensitivity of fabricated architecture as a temperature sensor is examined in the temperature range (293–373 K) and achieved an optimized sensitivity ~ 6.67 mV/K with a coefficient of determination ~ 99.30801 at driving current ~ 100 μA. The performance of the fabricated device as a light sensor is examined under the influence of halogen lamb light in light intensity range (20–80) mW/cm2. The performance evaluation of the fabricated device as a photodetector is examined in terms of spectral responsivity, specific detectivity, linear dynamic range, signal-to-noise ratio, and ON/OFF switching behavior. The resulted values of these figures of merit parameters confirm the validity of Ag/PVA-BG/p-Si/Al to be utilized as a dual-functional sensor for light and temperature in many microelectronic circuits with stable, reliable and linear performance.

Heterostructure device based on Brilliant Green nanoparticles–PVA/p-Si interface for analog–digital converting dual-functional sensor applications

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) incorporated with various amounts of ammonium iodide salt (NH4I) composite polymer electrolyte films were prepared via the casting process. The XRD analysis, as a tool for structural investigation, confirms the polymer electrolytes formation. The transmittances of the studied samples are decreased with increasing NH4I fillers. The UV–Vis absorption spectra are shifted to the higher wavelengths, which indicate their importance for light shielding devices. The bandgaps decrease with the increase in NH4I content, attributed to the increase in the crystallite size. The calculated Urbach energy was found to increase with increasing NH4I salt fillers. The samples' optical limiting is carefully investigated using a He–Ne laser beam of wavelength = 632.8 nm. This result enhances light absorption behavior and makes the material suitable for optical UV-protection devices. The correlation between dielectric properties and conductivity is also understood and discussed. The dielectric permittivity e' of the samples is associated with the dipole, and polarization increased with the addition of NH4I salt content as the particle size increased according to XRD analysis. AC impedance spectroscopy was carried out to disclose the PVA doped with NH4I polymer electrolyte films as a function of various NH4I salt fillers. The analysis via complex electric modulus gives abnormal behavior by adding NH4I salt content, where the minimization of the electrode polarization can be achieved. Our results indicate that the newly designed composite polymeric electrolyte films are commonly appropriate for electronic and optoelectronic devices.

Ammonium iodide salt-doped polyvinyl alcohol polymeric electrolyte for UV-shielding filters: synthesis, optical and dielectric characteristics

Abstract Flexible polymeric film composites consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Sudan IV azo dye (Su-IV) were synthesized using a casting method. Despite the known optical properties of PVA and azo dyes individually, the combined effects of Su-IV doping in PVA on the material’s optical and nonlinear optical properties have not been thoroughly investigated. This study addresses this gap by exploring the interactions between PVA and Su-IV at various doping concentrations (0.1–0.8 wt%) and their subsequent impact on the material’s structural and optical characteristics. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to identify distinct vibrational groups within the composites, revealing that the incorporation of Su-IV induced random deviations in most absorption intensities compared to pristine PVA. Notably, new peaks at 519 and 444 cm −1 emerged, intensifying with increasing Su-IV concentrations, indicating significant interactions between the composite constituents. The optical properties were analyzed through transmittance and reflectance measurements, which uncovered new absorption peaks at 518 and 357 nm in PVA/Su-IV composites. These peaks correspond to electronic energy transitions of 2.4 and 3.6 eV, respectively, and their intensities increased with higher Su-IV content. Additionally, the indirect and direct bandgaps were decreased as Su-IV concentrations increased. The refractive index (n) analysis showed typical dispersion behavior between 850 and 2500 nm, aligning with the Wemple-DiDomenico (WDD) model. Furthermore, the oscillator parameters were calculated. Also, the nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ (3) ) was boosted from 4.19 × 10 −6 for pure PVA to 3.60 × 10 −4 for the sample with 0.8 wt% Su-IV. The nonlinear refractive index (n 2 ) was also measured at 8.55 × 10 −2 for the doped sample. These findings demonstrate the potential of PVA/Su-IV composites for applications in nonlinear optics and photonics. 

Exploring the Influence of Sudan IV Azo Dye on the Structural, Optical, and Dispersion Characteristics of PVA/Su-IV Composites

The Sodium Molybdenum Oxide powders incorporating effect on the crystal structure, optical and dielectric characterization of NA-MOAT-04-C.2HYD/PolVA polymeric composite electrolyte films have been investigated. The samples were successfully synthesized by the simple casting method. Structural XRD measurements demonstrate that the density of the dislocation calculated using W-H plot and stacking energy fault simultaneously decreases in the PolVA polymer matrix with the adding NA-MOAT-04-C.2HYD content. The results revealed that the NA-MOAT-04-C.2HYD doping has a significant effect on the optoelectrical properties. The 7.4 wt% and 18.5 wt% NA-MOAT-04-C.2HYD were found to be the optimal conditions for the UV shielding applications. Such optoelectrical parameters tuned NA-MOAT-04-C.2HYD/PolVA polymeric composite electrolyte films are the promising materials for electro-optics, for the selection of alternative high-κ dielectric and nano-electronic devices. AC impedance results are compared to predictions of the appropriate electrical equivalent circuit parameters, which infers that the prepared systems are potential candidates for dielectric applications. 

Study the effect of sodium molybdate dihydrate powders on the structural, optical, and impedance parameters of NA-MOAT-04-C.2HYD/PolVA polymeric composite electrolyte films

The effect of methyl orange (MEO) dye on structural properties, linear optics and impedance spectroscopy of the polymer poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is studied. MEO/PVA composite thin film was prepared via casting technique. The changes in the structures of the samples were characterized by XRD, which revealed that the internal strain improved the growth of the crystal imperfection and distortion with increasing MEO content in the composite samples. The UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy was used to study the effect of MEO organic on the optical properties of composite thin films. The samples enhanced more potent light UV–Visible absorption and have very effective prohibition UV-light effect even with incorporating MEO content in the range between 190 and 535 nm. The gap energy leads to a decrease in the visible region which could be attributed to the decrease in crystallite sizes with increasing MEO content. Normalized power characteristics of the films at various MEO concentrations were studied. The normalized power is the very interesting behavior to correlate the optical UV–Vis transmittance and the optics limiting effect of the samples. The dependence of frequency on the conductivity has analyzed in phases of an empirical Jonscher’s law. The impedance spectra were analyzed in terms of equivalent circuits involving resistors, capacitors and constant phase elements. Dielectric parameters infer that the incorporating MEO organic dye inside the PVA matrix may be affected by the faster charge transfer properties and behave like a non-ideal capacitor.

Effect of organic dyes on structural properties, linear optics and impedance spectroscopy of methyl orange (C.I. acid orange 52) doped polyvinyl alcohol composite thin films

This reviewed work on the development of photosensitive nanoparticles (NPs) based on a photodegradable poly(o-nitrobenzyl acrylate) core (PNBA, a hydrophobic and biocompatible polymer) and a dextran-derived shell (dextran is a biodegradable and water-soluble bacterial polysaccharide). First, methods for synthesizing PNBA-N3 were demonstrated by 1) single electron transfer radical polymerization (SET-LRP) of o-nitrobenzyl acrylates and then 2) introducing a single azide end functionalization. At the same time, the processes for the production of DexAlkyne-15 bearing several alkyne groups by the hydrophilicity of dextran were also addressed. Such as DexAlkyne-15 and PNBA-N3 can be reacted by CuAAC (Cu(I)-azide-alkyne cycloaddition catalyst) chemically resulting in Dex-g-PNBA glycopolymers with different molecular parameters. Second, strategies for producing NPs were demonstrated by comparing two processes that were characterized in terms of size, amount of dextran, coat thickness, and colloidal stability in NaCl or cell culture medium, or in the presence of a single potent surfactant. On the one hand, NPs made by nanodeposition of Dex-g-PNBA exhibit high PNBA weight fractions (>40%). On the other hand, the NPs were produced by evaporating the emulsion to the organic solvent using DexAlkyne-15 as a water-soluble surfactant and PNBA-N3 as a hydrophobic material. In this case, CuAAC occurred in situ (or not) at the fluid/liquid interface during the formulation of the NPs, resulting in “clicking” and “non-clicking”. Finally, a systematic study of the disorder of NPs by ultraviolet irradiation according to photolysis of PNBA chains is shown. To use NPs as smart drug delivery systems, studies have been shown of loading Doxorubicin (DOX - an anti-cancer agent) into NPs during placement. Methods for optimizing experimental conditions to enhance DOX encapsulation are discussed.

A Review of Colon Cancer Treatment using Photoactive Nanoparticles

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Effect of organic dyes on structural properties, linear optics and impedance spectroscopy of methyl orange (C.I. acid orange 52) doped polyvinyl alcohol composite thin films

A Review of Colon Cancer Treatment using Photoactive Nanoparticles