A muon detection system (MUCH) based on a novel concept using a segmented and instrumented absorber has been designed for high-energy heavy-ion collision experiments. The system consists of 6 hadron absorber blocks and 6 tracking detector triplets. Behind each absorber block a detector triplet is located which measures the tracks of charged particles traversing the absorber. The performance of such a system has been simulated for the CBM experiment at FAIR (Germany) that is scheduled to start taking data in heavy ion collisions in the beam energy range of 6–45 A GeV from 2019. The muon detection system is mounted downstream to a Silicon Tracking System (STS) that is located in a large aperture dipole magnet which provides momentum information of the charged particle tracks. The reconstructed tracks from the STS are to be matched to the hits measured by the muon detector triplets behind the absorber segments. This method allows the identification of muon tracks over a broad range of momenta including tracks of soft muons which do not pass through all the absorber layers. Pairs of oppositely charged muons identified by MUCH could therefore be combined to measure the invariant masses in a wide range starting from low mass vector mesons (LMVM) up to charmonia. The properties of the absorber (material, thickness, position) and of the tracking chambers (granularity, geometry) have been varied in simulations of heavy-ion collision events generated with the UrQMD generator and propagated through the setup using the GEANT3, the particle transport code. The tracks are reconstructed by a Cellular Automaton algorithm followed by a Kalman Filter. The simulations demonstrate that low mass vector mesons and charmonia can be clearly identified in central Au+Au collisions at beam energies provided by the international Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR).

Design and performance simulation of a segmented-absorber based muon detection system for high energy heavy ion collision experiments

Large area triple GEM chambers will be employed in the first two stations of the MuCh system of the CBM experiment at the upcoming Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research FAIR in Darmstadt/Germany. The GEM detectors have been designed to take data at an unprecedented interaction rate (up to 10 MHz) in nucleus-nucleus collisions in CBM at FAIR. Real-size trapezoidal modules have been installed in the mCBM experiment and tested in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the SIS18 beamline of GSI as a part of the FAIR Phase-0 program. In this report, we discuss the design, installation, commissioning, and response of these GEM modules in detail. The response has been studied using the free-streaming readout electronics designed for the CBM-MuCh and CBM-STS detector system. In free-streaming data, the first attempt on an event building based on the timestamps of hits has been carried out, resulting in the observation of clear spatial correlations between the GEM modules in the mCBM setup for the first time. Accordingly, a time resolution of $\sim$15 ns have been obtained for the GEM detectors.

Commissioning and testing of pre-series triple GEM prototypes for CBM-MuCh in the mCBM experiment at the SIS18 facility of GSI

An assembly of large area ( ∼ 2000 cm2) triple GEM detector modules will be used for the first two stations of Muon Chamber (MUCH) system of Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at FAIR. Each GEM foil has its top surface segmented into 24 divisions. A novel HV distribution schematic has been implemented to power the individual segments. This design based on optocouplers is not only cost-effective but also has the capability to isolate the faulty segments if required, during the process of data taking. A large size prototype based on this layout was designed and fabricated. The performance of such a prototype has been discussed. Radiation and stability tests of the optocouplers with regards to CBM requirements (a ten-year integrated dose of ∼ 1012n e q /cm2 for neutrons and ∼ 30 krad for Gammas) has been reported.

Operating large size GEM detectors using a novel optocoupler based biasing scheme for the Muon Chamber system of CBM experiment

A quadruple GEM detector has been assembled in a standalone configuration and operated using Ar and CO 2 gas mixtures in proportions of 70:30 and 90:10. Detailed performance study of the detector has been made by using  106Ru-Rh β -source and X-ray spectrum of 55Fe source. Results of these measurements are presented in terms of gain, efficiency, energy and time resolutions and also compared with our earlier triple GEM results. The energy resolution has been found to be somewhat worse compared with that of the triple-GEM detector. Effect of drift field on electron transparency and time resolution has been studied in detail.

Characteristic study of a quadruple GEM detector and its comparison with a triple GEM detector

A Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) based detector system has been envisaged for use in a muon tracker in the CBM experiment at FAIR. The choice of the detector technology is mainly guided by the stringent requirements of rate capability and radiation tolerance in the harsh CBM environment, where the particle rates reach upto about 1 MHz/cm2. Several 10 cm × 10 cm triple GEM prototypes have been built at VECC and tested with radioactive sources and with proton and pion/muon beams. Owing to high rate requirements, all the detectors in CBM will have to be operated in a self triggered mode of readout. The readout electronics also have to be appropriately tuned to cater to high rates. A detailed investigation of the self triggered readout electronics including its appropriate setting parameters have been carried out. Prototype tests based on self triggered mode of readout showed a charged particle detection efficiency of more than 90%. The Muon detector modules would employ large area GEM foils. First attempts to stretch and frame large area GEMs, foils of 31 cm × 31 cm have been carried out locally using thermal techniques. A relative gain variation of less than 10% has been observed.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-0221/9/06/C06004/pdf

GEM based R&D for muon chambers of CBM experiment at FAIR

Triple GEM chamber has been selected to be used for the muon detection system (MUCH) in the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at the upcoming Facility for the Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR). Two prototype triple-GEM chambers filled with the mixture of argon and CO2 gases in the ratio of 70:30 were made of small-size (10 cm×10 cm) single-mask GEM foils and read by a self-triggered readout ASIC called nXYTER have been tested with pion beams at CERN. The readout electronics records the arrival times of GEM hits and of corresponding coincidence trigger signals separately. The distribution of time difference between GEM hits and respective triggers shows a peak demonstrating the time correlation between GEM hits and the trigger. The width (σ) of the time-correlation peak, which is related to the time resolution of the chamber, reduces with voltage approaching ≈ 12  ns at Δ V GEM of 335 V. Considering the hits inside the time-correlation peak to correspond to the beam trigger, the efficiency reaches a plateau at 95% at Δ GEM above 330 V. For a readout plane segmented by 3 mm×3 mm pads, on an average 1.2 pads are fired per trigger for pion beams at the operating voltage. The chamber shows a gain of ≈ 4000 at Δ V GEM of 350 V.

Testing of triple-GEM chambers for CBM experiment at FAIR using self-triggered readout electronics

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Testing of triple-GEM chambers for CBM experiment at FAIR using self-triggered readout electronics

GEM based R&D for muon chambers of CBM experiment at FAIR