Shape coexistence in nuclei appears to be unique in the realm of finite many-body quantum systems It differs from the various geometrical arrangements that sometimes occur in a molecule in that in a molecule the various arrangements are of the widely separated atomic nuclei In nuclei the various ''arrangements'' of nucleons involve (sets of) energy eigenstates with different electric quadrupole properties such as moments and transition rates, and different distributions of proton pairs and neutron pairs with respect to their Fermi energies Sometimes two such structures will ''invert'' as a function of the nucleon number, resulting in a sudden and dramatic change in ground-state properties in neighboring isotopes and isotones In the first part of this review the theoretical status of coexistence in nuclei is summarized Two approaches, namely, microscopic shell-model descriptions and mean-field descriptions, are emphasized The second part of this review presents systematic data, for both even- and odd-mass nuclei, selected to illustrate the various ways in which coexistence is observed in nuclei The last part of this review looks to future developments and the issue of the universality of coexistence in nuclei Surprises continue to be discovered With the major advances in reaching to extremes of proton-neutronmore » number, and the anticipated new ''rare isotope beam'' facilities, guidelines for search and discovery are discussed« less

Shape coexistence in atomic nuclei

Nuclear isomers are the metastable excited states of nuclei. The isomers can be categorized into a few classes including spin, seniority, K, shape and fission isomers depending upon the hindrance mechanisms. In this paper, we aim to present an overview of seniority isomers, which is a category related to the seniority quantum number. The discussion is mainly based on the concepts of seniority and generalized seniority. Various aspects of seniority isomers and their whereabouts have been covered along with the situations where seniority mixing prevents the isomerism.

/pdf/overview-of-seniority-isomers-34wq0i5k.pdf

Overview of Seniority Isomers

Single-particle structures, high-spin isomers, and a strongly coupled band in odd-odd Sb-120

Excited states in the odd-proton nucleus 125Cs were investigated by means of in-beam γ -ray spectroscopy. The πg7/2 band is observed to fork into a ΔI = 1 coupled band and a ΔI = 2 decoupled band at high spins. To assign the possible configurations of these two bands, experimental B(M1)/B(E2) ratios and signature splittings have been evaluated for the ΔI = 1 band, and calculations based on the geometrical model, cranked shell model and total Routhian surfaces model have been performed. They are suggested to be a near-oblate band built on the (πg7/2/d5/2) ⊗ (νh11/2)2 configuration and a prolate band built on the πg7/2 ⊗ (πh11/2)2 configuration, respectively.

Evidence for coexisting prolate and near-oblate shapes at high spin in 125 Cs


 Excited states of $^{119}$Sn have been studied using an in-beam $\gamma$-ray spectroscopic technique following the incomplete fusion of $^{7}$Li on an $^{116}$Cd target at a beam energy of 42 MeV. A new bandlike structure is proposed to be arised from deformed two-particle-two-hole (2p-2h) proton excitations across the $Z$ = 50 closed shell based on the systematics of the odd-$A$ Sn isotopes and the configuration-fixed constrained triaxial relativistic mean-field calculations. This observation extends the boundaries of the deformed 2p-2h collective band to $A$ = 119 in the Sn isotopes.

Possible collective band in neutron-rich $^{119}$Sn

Excited states of $^{118}\mathrm{Sn}$ have been populated in the $^{116}\mathrm{Cd}$($^{7}\mathrm{Li}$,$1p4n$) reaction with a beam energy of $50$ MeV. The previously known level scheme is extended in the low-spin region as well as to higher spins. The systematic behavior of the intruder deformed bands in the Sn isotopes is discussed. Total Routhian surface calculations and configuration-fixed constrained triaxial relativistic mean-field approaches are employed for analysis of the nuclear structure of $^{118}\mathrm{Sn}$.

Coexistence of collective and noncollective structures in Sn118

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Coexistence of collective and noncollective structures in Sn118