Introducing mobility to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) puts new challenges particularly in designing of routing protocols. Mobility can be applied to the sensor nodes and/or the sink node in the network. Many routing protocols have been developed to support the mobility of WSNs. These protocols are divided depending on the routing structure into hierarchical-based, flat-based, and location-based routing protocols. However, the hierarchical-based routing protocols outperform the other routing types in saving energy, scalability, and extending lifetime of Mobile WSNs (MWSNs). Selecting an appropriate hierarchical routing protocol for specific applications is an important and difficult task. Therefore, this paper focuses on reviewing some of the recently hierarchical-based routing protocols that are developed in the last five years for MWSNs. This survey divides the hierarchical-based routing protocols into two broad groups, namely, classical-based and optimized-based routing protocols. Also, we present a detailed classification of the reviewed protocols according to the routing approach, control manner, mobile element, mobility pattern, network architecture, clustering attributes, protocol operation, path establishment, communication paradigm, energy model, protocol objectives, and applications. Moreover, a comparison between the reviewed protocols is investigated in this survey depending on delay, network size, energy-efficiency, and scalability while mentioning the advantages and drawbacks of each protocol. Finally, we summarize and conclude the paper with future directions.

/pdf/a-comprehensive-survey-on-hierarchical-based-routing-4h9liv99fh.pdf

A Comprehensive Survey on Hierarchical-Based Routing Protocols for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks: Review, Taxonomy, and Future Directions

Research on wireless sensor network (WSN) has increased tremendously throughout the years. In WSN, sensor nodes are deployed to operate autonomously in remote environments. Depending on the network...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/155014774979142

Clustering Analysis in Wireless Sensor Networks: The Ambit of Performance Metrics and Schemes Taxonomy

In the world of the Internet of Things (IoT), wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are an impressive technology. These networks are extremely resource constrained and require the design of energy-efficient routing techniques. The clustering and location prediction routing method based on multiple mobile sinks (CLRP-MMSs) for the Mobile Internet of Things (MIoT) is presented in this article. Recently, mobile sinks are used in routing more durability and energy saving in WSN. In this work, first, the entire nodes are divided into clusters, and then each cluster selects a cluster head (CH) by calculating the CH choosing function (CHCF). When clustering runs on networks with moving nodes, the possibility of disconnecting the nodes from CH nodes will cause a lot of data loss. It will change the amount of energy and rate of data received, but the amount of wasted energy is reduced by predicting the location and reducing the sink and CH nodes’ distance. The simulation results using NS-2 clearly showed that the proposed method improves energy consumption at least 28.12% and increases throughput at least 26.74% compared to energy efficient routing algorithm with mobile sink support and high-available and location-predictive data gathering scheme using mobile sink methods.

A New Preventive Routing Method Based on Clustering and Location Prediction in the Mobile Internet of Things

Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs) are a current encouraged technology which is used to help many civilian, military and industrial services. Energy saving is the critical issue while designing the wireless sensor networks. In order to enhance the network life time there are many routing protocols have been developed. One of these is clustering based in which network is partitioned into small clusters and each cluster is examined and controlled by a single node called Cluster Head (CH). In this paper, we propose an enhanced algorithm for Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy-Mobile (LEACH-M) protocol called ECBR-MWSN which is Enhanced cluster based routing protocol for mobile nodes in wireless sensor network. ECBR-MWSN protocol selects the CHs using the parameters of highest residual energy, lowest Mobility and least Distance from the Base Station. The BS periodically runs the proposed algorithm to select new CHs after a certain period of time. It is aimed to prolonging the lifetime of the sensor networks by balancing the energy consumption of the nodes. Then compare the performance of our proposed algorithm with the cluster based protocols using ns2 simulator. The simulation result indicates that the proposed algorithm gives better performance in terms of higher packet delivery ratio, throughput, energy consumption, routing overhead, and delay.

Enhanced cluster based routing protocol for mobile nodes in wireless sensor network

Location aware sensor routing (LASeR) protocol is a novel solution to the challenges of routing in mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSNs). It addresses the high reliability and low latency requirements of emerging applications. The protocol uses location information to maintain a gradient field even in highly mobile environments, whilst reducing the routing overhead. This allows the protocol to utilise a blind forwarding technique to propagate packets towards the sink. The protocol inherently utilises multiple paths simultaneously to create route diversity and increase its robustness. LASeR is designed for use in a high variety of MWSN applications with autonomous land, sea or air vehicles. Analytical expressions are derived and evaluated against the simulations. Extensive modelling and simulation of the proposed routing protocol has shown it to be highly adaptable and robust. It is compared with the recent MWSN proactive highly ambulatory sensor routing protocol, the high performance mobility adaptive cross-layer routing protocol, as well as ad-hoc on-demand distance vector and optimised link state routing. Protocols are evaluated on packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, overhead, throughput and energy consumption. The results highlight both the high performance of LASeR in various challenging environments and its superiority over the state-of-the-art.

/pdf/location-aware-sensor-routing-protocol-for-mobile-wireless-174d96wyf3.pdf

Location aware sensor routing protocol for mobile wireless sensor networks

In wireless sensor networks, the routing algorithms currently available assume that the sensor nodes are stationary Therefore when mobility modulation is applied to the wireless sensor networks, most of the current routing algorithms suffer from performance degradation The path breaks in mobile wireless networks are due to the movement of mobile nodes, node failure, channel fading and shadowing It is desirable to deal with dynamic topology changes with optimal effort in terms of resource and channel utilization As the nodes in wireless sensor medium make use of wireless broadcast to communicate, it is possible to make use of neighboring node information to recover from path failure Cooperation among the neighboring nodes plays an important role in the context of routing among the mobile nodes This paper proposes an enhancement to an existing protocol for accommodating node mobility through neighboring node information while keeping the utilization of resources to a minimum

/pdf/routing-protocol-enhancement-for-handling-node-mobility-in-1bruthwzf6.pdf

Routing protocol enhancement for handling node mobility in wireless sensor networks

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

G.S. Kumar

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Routing protocol enhancement for handling node mobility in wireless sensor networks