Evaluation method of rockburst: State-of-the-art literature review

Developing intelligent classification models for rock burst prediction after recognizing significant predictor variables, Section 1: Literature review and data preprocessing procedure

Statistical assessment of rock burst potential and contributions of considered predictor variables in the task

Rockburst is defined as a phenomenon with immediate dynamic instability under excavation unloading conditions of deep or high geostress areas. Inadequate knowledge and lack of characterizing information prevent engineers and experts from achieving appropriate prediction results related to the rockburst behaviour. In this study, a data set including 220 rockburst instances was collected for rockburst classification via the geostatistical method. An update of the 2D graph, the tunnel rockburst classification (TRC) chart, was introduced based on analysing three indicators, namely, elastic energy index (Wet), tangential stress in rock mass (σθ), and uniaxial compressive strength (σc). Distribution and correlation of data were drawn on 2D plot, and the boundaries of rockburst were distinguished according to the achieved interpolate points by kriging method. Hierarchically, the validation phase was performed using an additional set of 28 case histories obtained from several projects around the world. The results showed that the TRC chart with an average error percentage of 3.6% in the prediction of rockburst had a significant and effective implementation in comparison to the exiting heuristic systems. Despite the initial character of the prediction, the described chart may be a helpful tool in the first steps of design and construction.

A new empirical chart for rockburst analysis in tunnelling: Tunnel rockburst classification (TRC)

Rockburst is a difficult problem in underground resource development and infrastructure construction. With scientific and technological progress, more research technologies and methods to prevent rockburst have been proposed and applied. Research content has become more comprehensive, and positive progress and achievements have been made. However, due to the complexity of rockburst control factors and the sudden occurrence of rockburst, the occurrence mechanism and accurate prediction of occurrence intensity and time are still difficult worldwide problems. In this paper, the research development and achievements of rockburst are reviewed. Firstly, various definitions and types of rockburst are briefly summarized. Then, research progress and achievements in four aspects are comprehensively reviewed, including methods and techniques of rockburst research (theoretical research, numerical simulation, physical model tests and in situ monitoring), mechanism of rockburst, classification and prediction of rockburst (empirical criteria, in situ monitoring, mathematical model approaches and rockburst chart) and prevention and control of rockburst. Of particular significance is that the classification and prediction with prevention and control are summarized in detail. Finally, limitations, deficiencies and some promising directions for future research are listed. 

/pdf/development-of-rockburst-research-a-comprehensive-review-1n2lxcs4.pdf

Development of Rockburst Research: A Comprehensive Review

An update of the “multiple graph” approach for the preliminary assessment of the excavation behaviour in rock tunnelling

Abstract. The research presented here is part of an on-going research focused on the 3D documentation of rock-cut Underground Built Heritage with a complex morphology and characterised by narrow spaces, the Hypogeum of Calaforno (province of Ragusa, Sicily). It is one of the most interesting prehistoric monuments in Sicily in terms of size and unique rock-cut architecture. Various digital techniques have been tested over the years on the site, to represent its spatiality, such as Laser Scanner and Structure from Motion. The proposed methodological approach for the knowledge and the documentation of this archaeological site is based on an interdisciplinary approach involving archaeological and engineering disciplines. This paper focuses on the use of expeditious techniques such as iMMS (indoor Mobile Mapping Systems) based on SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) and on the comparison of different surveying equipment in order to verify data quality and accuracy, as well as the inherent advantages of using one technology over another in relation to the characteristics of the site. Through the global verification of TLS and SLAM model reliability, we maintain that such research can contribute to enriching the protocols surrounding the archaeological investigation of sites characterized by complex morphology, irregular surfaces, narrow spaces, specific chromatic features, scarce or total lack of lighting, and physical obstacles.


Integrated 3d survey for the documentation and visualization of a rock-cut underground built heritage

Abstract Underground mining can produce subsidence, which can be coincident with mining activities or delayed in response to the time-dependent deformation of the rocks. Therefore, in these cases, it is essential to effectively monitor the soil deformations at different times during and after mining activity. In the present work, an integrated approach based on geotechnical numerical modeling and Advanced Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (A-DInSAR) method has been applied to detect, study and monitor the subsidence related to mining activity in the Nuraxi Figus coal district (Sardinia, Italy). Two datasets of high-resolution COSMO-Skymed images were acquired, respectively in two covering periods: from 2011 and 2014, and from 2013 to 2020. The A-DInSAR results show that the predominant displacement rates are located in correspondence with the panels. The cumulated satellite-based LoS displacements vary in the first period between − 130 and + 28 mm and − 293 and + 28.4 mm, while, during the second period between − 6.9 and + 1.6 mm and − 8.72 and + 4.33 mm in ascending and descending geometries, respectively. The geotechnical numerical model allowed to obtain a value for the maximum expected. By using the vertical and horizontal components it was possible to reconstruct the kinematics of the deformation considering three phases: pre-mining, syn-mining, and post-mining activity. The temporal evolution of displacements started during the mining extraction in 2011, achieved the major values in correspondence of post-mining operations, during the period from 2013 to 2014 and continued slowly until 2020. The near real-time monitoring system applied in this study proved to be very useful for detecting subsidence during the mining activity and the post-mining period. 

/pdf/semi-real-time-systems-for-subsidence-monitoring-in-areas-200mc7pc.pdf

Semi-real time systems for subsidence monitoring in areas affected by underground mining: the example of the Nuraxi-Figus coal district (Sardinia, Italy)

Recent experience of metro construction in Porto has highlighted the existence of particular failure mechanisms in weathered granite linked to the complex and heterogeneous characteristic of the ground due to its spatial variability as well as discontinuities filled with weak materials. This experience shows that failure mechanisms of the ground surrounding a shallow tunnel excavated by a TBM in an urban environment are not limited to the classical, predictable, soft ground modes of wedge failure in the excavation face and arching failure of the tunnel profile (i.e. roof collapse or fall until a stable arch is formed), but are also conditioned by local instability in the excavation face triggered by hydraulic and/or mechanical shocks and progressive failure of initial cavities due to over-excavation or non-complete filling of the tail void by longitudinal grouting, manifesting finally as a sudden brittle collapse. It may be concluded that a correct understanding of these particular failure modes by all parties involved is essential for mitigating the risks of construction in urban environments. 

Particular failure mechanisms of weathered granite observed during construction of metro tunnels by TBM

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An update of the “multiple graph” approach for the preliminary assessment of the excavation behaviour in rock tunnelling

Integrated 3d survey for the documentation and visualization of a rock-cut underground built heritage

Semi-real time systems for subsidence monitoring in areas affected by underground mining: the example of the Nuraxi-Figus coal district (Sardinia, Italy)

Particular failure mechanisms of weathered granite observed during construction of metro tunnels by TBM