The processes of hole and electron localization in ${\text{YAlO}}_{3}$ single crystals were investigated by electron-spin resonance. It was found that holes created by UV or x-ray irradiation are trapped at regular oxygen ions forming two types of ${\text{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ hole centers corresponding to hole localization at two inequivalent oxygen ions which are located in Y and Al planes, respectively. The hole can be either autolocalized or additionally stabilized by a defect in the neighborhood of the oxygen ion such as yttrium vacancy or an impurity ion at Y site. This leads to a variety of ${\text{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ centers which differ both by thermal stability (from about 14 K up to room temperature) and spectral parameters. Electron-type trapping sites are assigned to ${\text{Y}}_{\text{Al}}$ antisite ions. After trapping an electron they become paramagnetic ${\text{Y}}_{\text{Al}}^{2+}$ centers. They are found in several configurations with thermal stability up to above 300 K that enables the radiative recombination of freed holes with such localized electrons and the appearance of thermoluminescence peaks. It is shown that the electron trapped around ${\text{Y}}_{\text{Al}}$ antisite ion is additionally stabilized either by an oxygen vacancy or by a defect at Y site. The yttrium antisite ions in the lattice were directly identified by $^{89}\text{Y}$ nuclear magnetic resonance.

Hole and electron traps in the YAlO 3 single crystal scintillator

Color centers created during growth processes as well as formed under various external influences (UV and γ-irradiation, thermal treatments) are studied in YAP–Nd crystals obtained under different technological conditions. The role of impurity ions (including Fe and Cr) in growth and induced crystal coloration as well as models of color centers are discussed.

Growth and Induced Color Centers in YAlO3–Nd Single Crystals

Scintillation materials are employed to detect x-ray and γ-ray photons or accelerated particles. Wide-bandgap semiconductor or insulator materials with a high degree of structural perfection are suitable for this purpose. They must accomplish fast and efficient transformation of incoming high-energy photon/particles to a number of electron–hole pairs collected in the conduction and valence bands, respectively, and their radiative recombination at suitable luminescence centers in the material. Generated ultraviolet (UV) or visible light can then be detected at high sensitivity by conventional solid-state semiconductor- or photomultiplier-based photodetectors, which are an indispensable part of scintillation detectors.

Single-Crystal Scintillation Materials

Gamma radiation induced absorption processes of various scintillating materials were studied at room temperature.
Single crystal of PbWO 4 , Ce-doped YAlO 3 and Ce(Pr)-doped Y(Lu) 3 Al 5 O 12 were irradiated by 60 Co and doses ranging
between 1-500 Gy. Broad induced absorption spectra obtained were decomposed into separate Gaussian components and
tentatively ascribed to specific color centres. Supporting thermoluminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance
experiments were performed to reveal the nature of charge carrier traps. The influence of codoping by aliovalent ions is
also shown and discussed.

Radiation damage processes in complex-oxide scintillators

Control of optical properties of YAG crystals by thermal annealing

Spectral properties of YAG and YAP grown in vacuum or under ArH2 protective atmosphere were compared. The latter contained small amounts of argon which was detected by a laser mass spectral analysis. Ar impurity evokes brown colour of unannealed crystals and strenghtens anomalous red colour of annealed (Particularly in O2) YAP crystals doped with Nd + Cr or Nd + Mo. The same red coloration of the doped YAGs is less stable.



Es werden spektrale Eigenschaften der im Vakuum oder unter ArH2 Atmosphare gezuchteten Yttrium-Aluminate verglichen. Die Einkristalle enthalten eine kleine Menge Argon, die man mittels Laser Massen-Spektralanalyse nachweisen kann. Eine braune Farbung der ungetemperten YAG- und YAP-Einkristalle ebenso wie die anomale rote Farbung der mit Nd + Cr oder mit Nd + Mo dotierten und getemperten (besonders in O2) YAP-Einkristalle werden durch die Anwesenheit von Ar erklart. Die letztgenannte rote Farbung der dotierten YAG-Kristalle ist relativ unstabil.

The role of argon in yttrium aluminates

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The role of argon in yttrium aluminates