THE subject of quantum electrodynamics is extremely difficult, even for the case of a single electron. The usual method of solving the corresponding wave equation leads to divergent integrals. To avoid these, Prof. P. A. M. Dirac* uses the method of redundant variables. This does not abolish the difficulty, but presents it in a new form, which may be dealt with in two ways. The first of these needs only comparatively simple mathematics and is directly connected with an elegant general scheme, but unfortunately its wave functions apply only to a hypothetical world and so its physical interpretation is indirect. The second way has the advantage of a direct physical interpretation, but the mathematics is so complicated that it has not yet been solved even for what appears to be the simplest possible case. Both methods seem worth further study, failing the discovery of a third which would combine the advantages of both.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/3/22993/01069961.pdf

Quantum electrodynamics

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Introduction To Electrodynamics

The lithium-ion battery is an ideal candidate for a wide variety of applications due to its high energy/power density and operating voltage. Some limitations of existing lithium-ion battery technology include underutilization, stress-induced material damage, capacity fade, and the potential for thermal runaway. This paper reviews efforts in the modeling and simulation of lithium-ion batteries and their use in the design of better batteries. Likely future directions in battery modeling and design including promising research opportunities are outlined.

http://ma.ecsdl.org/content/MA2010-02/4/226.full.pdf

Modeling and Simulation of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Systems Engineering Perspective

/pdf/biogenic-and-non-biogenic-waste-utilization-in-the-synthesis-394i4lvodk.pdf

Biogenic and Non-Biogenic Waste Utilization in the Synthesis of 2D Materials (Graphene, h-BN, g-C2N) and Their Applications

Among carbon-based nanomaterials, graphene and its derivatives have received remarkable attention due to their unique thermal, mechanical, and electronic properties and two-dimensional structure. The unique combination of graphene’s characteristics with the selected matrix exhibits extraordinary synergies in various fields such as energy, automotive, aerospace, and electronics. However, there are serious bottlenecks for the industrialization of graphene and increasing the number of graphene-based products in mass scale owing to high cost, harsh and toxic reaction conditions, agglomeration of nanosheets and limited production capacity. Therefore, the new trends focus on the usage of waste sources to produce value-added products in order to contribute waste management and circular economy. This review summarizes underlying and emerging trends for the development of recycling and upcycling methods for cost-efficient and mild synthesis of graphene and its derivatives from waste sources such as plastics, agricultural biomass waste, and cellulosic waste. The state of the research activities provides better understanding in the fabrication of graphene-like materials from waste products as solid carbon sources by using top-down and bottom-up approaches.

Recent developments in the synthesis of graphene and graphene-like structures from waste sources by recycling and upcycling technologies: a review

Two graphite rods from two empty mosquito repellent refills were employed for synthesis of few-layered graphene for material developments on batteries and supercapacitor applications. The graphene ...

Synthesizing graphene from waste mosquito repellent graphite rod by using electrochemical exfoliation for battery/supercapacitor applications

Electric vehicles (EVs) have been recently developed in advance levels and in particular the battery technologies have also been developed. Although the development in battery technology has been a...

Smart Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles – A Review

The existence of magnetic field of earth is justified in this short research note through the classical right hand palm rule for current and magnetic field.

Rotating Bodies Do Have Magnetic Field

Electromagnetic waves can be classified into two classes.  One class is the collection of all electric field waves which are free from magnetic fields.  Another class is the collection of all magnetic field waves which are free from electric fields.  The wavelengths of electric field waves are less than a constant b, and the wavelengths of magnetic field waves are greater than the constant b.  The existence of this constant b is justified in this article by observing an interrelation between two well known expressions for electrostatic forces and magnetic forces.  A method to estimate this constant b is proposed based on mathematical derivations and based on the values for mass of an electron, speed of light in vacuum, Plank’s constant, and maximum possible diameter of a molecule.

Two Expressions for Electrostatic Forces and For Magnetic Forces to Classify Electromagnetic Waves

The temperature for a black hole is identified as the temperature of the cosmic microwave background. The exact separating value for wavelength is found to classify electromagnetic waves into electric field waves and magnetic field waves. The maximum possible diameter of molecules in our universe is found. A Chandrasekhar’s limit for black holes is used to guess somewhat reasonable values of radii for electrons, protons and neutrons.

Temperature of Black Holes and Minimum Wavelength of Radio Waves

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