/pdf/economic-and-environmental-threats-of-alien-plant-animal-and-3hccj4yjhj.pdf

Economic and environmental threats of alien plant, animal, and microbe invasions

Pathogens that can be transmitted between different host species are of fundamental interest and importance from public health, conservation and economic perspectives, yet systematic quantification of these pathogens is lacking. Here, pathogen characteristics, host range and risk factors determining disease emergence were analysed by constructing a database of disease–causing pathogens of humans and domestic mammals. The database consisted of 1415 pathogens causing disease in humans, 616 in livestock and 374 in domestic carnivores. Multihost pathogens were very prevalent among human pathogens (61.6%) and even more so among domestic mammal pathogens (livestock 77.3%, carnivores 90.0%). Pathogens able to infect human, domestic and wildlife hosts contained a similar proportion of disease–causing pathogens for all three host groups. One hundred and ninety–six pathogens were associated with emerging diseases, 175 in humans, 29 in livestock and 12 in domestic carnivores. Across all these groups, helminths and fungi were relatively unlikely to emerge whereas viruses, particularly RNA viruses, were highly likely to emerge. The ability of a pathogen to infect multiple hosts, particularly hosts in other taxonomic orders or wildlife, were also risk factors for emergence in human and livestock pathogens. There is clearly a need to understand the dynamics of infectious diseases in complex multihost communities in order to mitigate disease threats to public health, livestock economies and wildlife.

/pdf/diseases-of-humans-and-their-domestic-mammals-pathogen-1g4e0walta.pdf

Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence

https://zenodo.org/record/1259935/files/article.pdf

The Global Emergence/Resurgence of Arboviral Diseases As Public Health Problems

Culicoides biting midges are among the most abundant of haematophagous insects, and occur throughout most of the inhabited world. Across this broad range they transmit a great number of assorted pathogens of human, and domestic and wild animals, but it is as vectors of arboviruses, and particularly arboviruses of domestic livestock, that they achieve their prime importance. To date, more than 50 such viruses have been isolated from Culicoides spp. and some of these cause diseases of such international significance that they have been allocated Office International des Epizooties (OIE) List A status. Culicoides are world players in the epidemiology of many important arboviral diseases. In this context this paper deals with those aspects of midge biology facilitating disease transmission, describes the factors controlling insect-virus interactions at the individual insect and population level, and illustrates the far-reaching effects that certain components of climate have upon the midges and, hence, transmission potential.

Culicoides biting midges: their role as arbovirus vectors.

The pathogenesis and diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease.

Section 1: Aspects influencing the occurence of infectious diseases. Section 2 Protozoal diseases: babesioses theilerioses. Section 3 Rickettsial and chlamydial diseases anaplasmoses. Section 4 Viral diseases: reoviridae rhabdoviridae African swine fever virus poxviridae togaviridae and flaviviridae.

INFECTIOUS diseases of livestock : With special reference to Southern Africa

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INFECTIOUS diseases of livestock : With special reference to Southern Africa