We have performed systematic measurements of the resistive cooling behavior of bunches of highly charged ions in a Penning trap after injection from an external source. In particular, we have been able to measure the exponential cooling rate of the axial center-of-mass motion and experimentally show its linear dependence on the ion number within the bunch, as expected from theory. The common center-of-mass energy of the ions is reduced by more than four orders of magnitude on the time scale of milliseconds while the single-ion cooling occurs on the scale of seconds, representing a highly effective way to remove the dominating part of the ion kinetic energy. 

Resistive cooling of ions' center-of-mass energy in a Penning trap on millisecond time scales

Abstract We have developed and operated an electronic detection system for the non-destructive single-pass detection of bunches of charged particles in a beamline that allows for a measurement of their lateral position with respect to the central beamline axis on a shot-to-shot basis. It provides all features of our related development reported in Kiffer et al. (Rev Sci Instrum 90:113301, 2019), namely single-pass measurement of bunch length, kinetic energy and absolute charge, and is additionally designed to provide the lateral position of bunches with sub-mm accuracy. We show the setup, associated methods and provide characterizing measurements with bunches of highly charged ions in the keV regime of kinetic energy that demonstrate the capabilities and show a typical application. 

Position-sensitive non-destructive detection of charged-particle bunches in low-energy beamlines

Abstract We present a non-destructive electronic detector for stored charged particles in a Penning trap that uses a symmetric electrode arrangement for signal pickup and a resonator without tap. This system has advantageous off-resonance features which are demonstrated by means of detection and cooling measurements with highly charged ions in a cryogenic Penning trap. In particular, it allows for particle detection across a wide range of frequencies that is not concomitant with cooling and offers a novel way to tune a trap with the help of non-destructive measurements on large particle ensembles. 

Off-resonance electronic detection and cooling of ions in a Penning trap

The interaction between light and atomic nuclei is typically weak and confined within the linear and perturbative regime, which limits the achievable nuclear excitation probability and impedes potential applications such as nuclear optical clocks, nuclear lasers, and nuclear energy storage. In this Letter we show that the interaction between hydrogenlike thorium-229 ions (^{229}Th^{89+}) and contemporary intense lasers propels light-nucleus interaction into a highly nonlinear and nonperturbative regime. This interaction unlocks remarkably efficient nuclear excitation: over 10% of the ^{229}Th nuclei can be excited to the isomeric state by a single femtosecond laser pulse. Moreover, the laser-driven ^{229}Th^{89+} ions radiate multiple wavelengths of light that are high-order harmonics of the laser frequency, akin to the high harmonic generation process from laser-driven atoms but with distinct characteristics. These results pioneer a new frontier for exploring light-matter interaction, furnish a powerful method for efficient control over atomic nuclei, and pave a new way of nuclear coherent light emission. 

Highly Nonlinear Light-Nucleus Interaction

We have developed and operated an electronic system for the non-destructive detection and cooling of charged-particle bunches that are captured and confined in a Penning trap, together with methods for the evaluation of corresponding measurements that allow for a detailed characterization of each individual particle bunch. Once calibrated, from a single measurement of the particles’ induced electronic signal as a function of time directly upon capture, the setup and method allow for a fast determination of the initial and final absolute particle energies, of the cooling rate, and of the absolute number of particles in the bunch. We demonstrate this with highly charged ions (Ne8+) that are injected into the Penning trap of the HILITE experiment. 

Non-destructive characterization of individual particle bunches by a resistive-cooling measurement in a Penning trap

We have conceived and built the HILITE (High-Intensity Laser-Ion Trap Experiment) Penning-trap setup for the production, confinement and preparation of pure ensembles of highly charged ions in a defined quantum state as a target for various high-intensity lasers. This enables a broad suite of laser-ion interaction studies at high photon energies and/or intensities, such as non-linear photo-ionisation studies. The setup has now been used to perform experiments at one such laser facility, namely the FLASH Free-Electron Laser at DESY in Hamburg, Germany. We describe the experimental possibilities of the apparatus, the results of the first measurements and future experiments at other laser facilities.

High-intensity laser experiments with highly charged ions in a Penning trap

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High-intensity laser experiments with highly charged ions in a Penning trap