Ground-state properties of the heaviest nuclei are analyzed within a macroscopic-microscopic approach. The main attention is paid to such properties as deformation, deformation energy, energy of the first rotational state 2+ of a nucleus, and the branching ratio of α decay to this 2+ state with respect to the decay to the ground state 0+. The analysis concerns the problem of experimental confirmation of theoretically predicted deformed shapes of superheavy nuclei situated in the region around the nucleus 270Hs. A large region of even-even nuclei with proton, Z=82–128, and neutron, N=126–190, numbers is considered.

Calculated properties of superheavy nuclei

Discovery of the transfermium elements

The recent experiments on the synthesis of the trans-actinide elements 104 to 109 led to the discovery of a region of nuclei with an unexpected high stability against spontaneous fission, which could be explained in the frame of our experimental results by large ground-state shell-effects. These nuclei are located already in a region of macroscopic instability and owe their existence predominantly to microscopic effects, as has been predicted for the superheavy nuclei. The newly discovered heavy elements are stabilized by a gap in the Nilsson levels coupled to a strong hexadecapole deformation. In our experiments we learned that the chance to proceed to still heavier elements beyond 109 by complete fusion of heavy ions is determined by the possibility of their production. The cross-sections are limited by the strongly reduced fusability of massive nuclear systems at the coulomb barrier, as well as by the small survival probability of the excited compound nucleus on its way to the ground state. In this paper we discuss our experimental results on the decay properties of the heaviest nuclei, as well as the results on their production. We consider this within the framework of recent theories on nuclear ground-state stability of the heaviest elements and the fusability of massive systems.

Towards Superheavy Nuclei—Status and Prospects for the Production and Investigation of Heavy Elements

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Towards Superheavy Nuclei—Status and Prospects for the Production and Investigation of Heavy Elements