A review of mechanical models of dike propagation: Schools of thought, results and future directions

A review of analogue modelling of geodynamic processes: Approaches, scaling, materials and quantification, with an application to subduction experiments

Sills could potentially form as a result of dykes modifying their trajectory in response to remote tectonic compression. Here, we use analogue experiments to investigate how a buoyant vertical dyke adjusts its trajectory to a compressive remote stress to form a sill, and over which vertical distance this sill formation does occur. Our investigation is restricted to an intrusion propagating through a homogeneous solid, which enables us to identify the characteristic length-scale over which a dyke responds to remote stress compression, independently of the presence of crustal layers. The experiments involve the injection of air in a gelatine solid that experiences lateral deviatoric compression. The response of the buoyant air crack to the compressive stress in not instantaneous but operates over some distance. An important observation is that some cracks reach the surface despite the compressive environment. Dyke-to-sill rotation occurs only for large compressive stress or small effective buoyancy. Dimensional analysis shows that the length-scale over which this rotation takes place increases exponentially with the ratio of crack effective buoyancy to horizontal compressive stress. Up-scaled to geological conditions, our analysis indicates that a dyke-to-sill transition in response to tectonic compression in homogeneous rocks cannot occur over less than two hundred meters and would need several kilometers in most cases. This is typically greater than the average thickness of lithological units, which supports the idea that crustal heterogeneities play an important role in determining the fate of dykes and in controlling where sills could form.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2009JB006791

Dyke propagation and sill formation in a compressive tectonic environment

Characterization of Carbopol® hydrogel rheology for experimental tectonics and geodynamics

Physical stability, microstructure and micro-rheological properties of water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions stabilized by porcine gelatin.

Abstract In a laboratory model the behavior of the selected analog material must be properly scaled to nature. Here, we systematically investigate both rheological and physical properties of a wide range of gelatins as functions of temperature, composition, concentration, ageing and applied strain rate. Results show that gelatins' behavior changes gradually from purely elastic to visco-elasto-brittle to purely viscous (nonlinear) rheology going from the gel- to the sol-state. The rheological variability of gelatins appears promising for the potential use of these analog materials to simulate crustal and lithospheric rheological behavior. In particular, we found that pig skin 2.5 wt.% at 10 °C has the required rheological properties for a suitable experimental set-up to model crustal deformation.

Gelatins as rock analogs: a systematic study of their rheological and physical properties

Salt matters: How salt affects the rheological and physical properties of gelatine for analogue modelling

Gelatins as rock analogs: A systematic study of their rheological and physical properties

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Gelatins as rock analogs: a systematic study of their rheological and physical properties

Salt matters: How salt affects the rheological and physical properties of gelatine for analogue modelling

Gelatins as rock analogs: A systematic study of their rheological and physical properties