Spreadsheet languages, which include commercial spreadsheets and various research systems, have had a substantial impact on end-user computing. Research shows, however, that spreadsheets often contain faults; thus, we would like to provide at least some of the benefits of formal testing methodologies to the creators of spreadsheets. This article presents a testing methodology that adapts data flow adequacy criteria and coverage monitoring to the task of testing spreadsheets. To accommodate the evaluation model used with spreadsheets, and the interactive process by which they are created, our methodology is incremental. To accommodate the users of spreadsheet languages, we provide an interface to our methodology that does not require an understanding of testing theory. We have implemented our testing methodology in the context of the Forms/3 visual spreadsheet language. We report on the methodology, its time and space costs, and the mapping from the testing strategy to the user interface. In an empirical study, we found that test suites created according to our methodology detected, on average, 81% of the faults in a set of faulty spreadsheets, significantly outperforming randomly generated test suites.

A methodology for testing spreadsheets

Machine vision based on classical image processing techniques has the potential to be a useful tool for plant detection and identification. Plant identification is needed for weed detection, herbicide application or other efficient chemical spot spraying operations. The key to successful detection and identification of plants as species types is the segmentation of plants form background pixel regions. In particular, it would be beneficial to segment individual leaves form tops of canopies as well. The segmentation process yields an edge or binary image which contains shape feature information. Results indicate that red-green-blue formats might provide the best segmentation criteria, based on models of human color perception. The binary image can be also used as a template to investigate textural features of the plant pixel region, using gray image co-occurrence matrices. Texture features considers leaf venation, colors, or additional canopy structure that might be used to identify various type of grasses or broadleaf plants.

Machine vision detection parameters for plant species identification

Intensified fuzzy clusters for classifying plant, soil, and residue regions of interest from color images

In computer graphics, judicious use of colors helps to get the message across. Using several tasks that engage the user in different ways as examples, this tutorial outlines principles for using color effectively in computer graphics. These principles offer a starting point for color choices in the context of user-centered designs. The tutorial provides color selection guidelines based on biological, psychological and technological considerations. Each section ends with a few general guidelines for color selection, summarizing the main points discussed. Prototyping and usability assessment will help you refine and verify your own color choices for each application.

Using color effectively in computer graphics

List of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. Part I: Color Theory. 1. Human Vision. 2. Color Organization and Color Models. 3. Color in Computer Graphics. 4. MUHLS - A Most Uniform LHS Model: Approximating Uniform Color Spaces with the GLHS Family of Models. 5. Color Vision for Complex Visual Tasks. Part II: Applications in Graphics, Visualization, and Multimedia Applications. 6. Color Devices. 7. Color Scales for Image Data: Design and Evaluation. 8. Perceptual Steps Along Color Scales. 9. Integrated Visualization of Multiparameter Distributions. 10. Color Icons: Merging Color and Texture Perception for Integrated Visualization of Multiple Parameters. 11. Color on the World-Wide Web. References. Additional Bibliography. Index.

https://www.springer.com/productFlyer_978-0-7923-9928-5.pdf?SGWID=0-0-1297-33324994-0

Color Theory and Modeling for Computer Graphics, Visualization, and Multimedia Applications

Some broad principles for the effective use of color are established on the basis of the mechanisms of human color perception. Some functional relationships that should improve the visual effectiveness of color display are derived.

Physiological principles for the effective use of color

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Physiological principles for the effective use of color