A main distinguishing feature of a wireless network compared with a wired network is its broadcast nature, in which the signal transmitted by a node may reach several other nodes, and a node may receive signals from several other nodes simultaneously. Rather than a blessing, this feature is treated more as an interference-inducing nuisance in most wireless networks today (e.g., IEEE 802.11). The goal of this paper is to show how the concept of network coding can be applied at the physical layer to turn the broadcast property into a capacity-boosting advantage in wireless ad hoc networks. Specifically, we propose a physical-layer network coding (PNC) scheme to coordinate transmissions among nodes. In contrast to "straightforward" network coding which performs coding arithmetic on digital bit streams after they have been received, PNC makes use of the additive nature of simultaneously arriving electromagnetic (EM) waves for equivalent coding operation. PNC can yield higher capacity than straight-forward network coding when applied to wireless networks. We believe this is a first paper that ventures into EM-wave-based network coding at the physical layer and demonstrates its potential for boosting network capacity. PNC opens up a whole new research area because of its implications and new design requirements for the physical, MAC, and network layers of ad hoc wireless stations. The resolution of the many outstanding but interesting issues in PNC may lead to a revolutionary new paradigm for wireless ad hoc networking.

Hot topic: physical-layer network coding

The fair evaluation and comparison of side-channel attacks and countermeasures has been a long standing open question, limiting further developments in the field. Motivated by this challenge, this work makes a step in this direction and proposes a framework for the analysis of cryptographic implementations that includes a theoretical model and an application methodology. The model is based on commonly accepted hypotheses about side-channels that computations give rise to. It allows quantifying the effect of practically relevant leakage functions with a combination of information theoretic and security metrics, measuring the quality of an implementation and the strength of an adversary, respectively. From a theoretical point of view, we demonstrate formal connections between these metrics and discuss their intuitive meaning. From a practical point of view, the model implies a unified methodology for the analysis of side-channel key recovery attacks. The proposed solution allows getting rid of most of the subjective parameters that were limiting previous specialized and often ad hoc approaches in the evaluation of physically observable devices. It typically determines the extent to which basic (but practically essential) questions such as "How to compare two implementations? " or "How to compare two side-channel adversaries? " can be answered in a sound fashion.

/pdf/a-unified-framework-for-the-analysis-of-side-channel-key-4orue779tl.pdf

A Unified Framework for the Analysis of Side-Channel Key Recovery Attacks

There has been considerable recent interest in the level of tamper resistance that can be provided by low cost devices such as smart-cards. It is known that such devices can be reverse engineered using chip testing equipment, but a state of the art semiconductor laboratory costs millions of dollars. In this paper, we describe a number of attacks that can be mounted by opponents with much shallower pockets.

/pdf/low-cost-attacks-on-tamper-resistant-devices-1my8hobfwa.pdf

Low Cost Attacks on Tamper Resistant Devices

We propose the first practical and secure way to integrate the iris biometric into cryptographic applications. A repeatable binary string, which we call a biometric key, is generated reliably from genuine iris codes. A well-known difficulty has been how to cope with the 10 to 20 percent of error bits within an iris code and derive an error-free key. To solve this problem, we carefully studied the error patterns within iris codes and devised a two-layer error correction technique that combines Hadamard and Reed-Solomon codes. The key is generated from a subject's iris image with the aid of auxiliary error-correction data, which do not reveal the key and can be saved in a tamper-resistant token, such as a smart card. The reproduction of the key depends on two factors: the iris biometric and the token. The attacker has to procure both of them to compromise the key. We evaluated our technique using iris samples from 70 different eyes, with 10 samples from each eye. We found that an error-free key can be reproduced reliably from genuine iris codes with a 99.5 percent success rate. We can generate up to 140 bits of biometric key, more than enough for 128-bit AES. The extraction of a repeatable binary string from biometrics opens new possible applications, where a strong binding is required between a person and cryptographic operations. For example, it is possible to identify individuals without maintaining a central database of biometric templates, to which privacy objections-might be raised

/pdf/combining-crypto-with-biometrics-effectively-12bu62fnwv.pdf

Combining Crypto with Biometrics Effectively

In this article we have used a duality approach to the watermarking evaluation problem by splitting the evaluation criteria into two (independent) groups: functionality and assurance. The first group represents a set of requirements that can be verified using agreed series of tests; the second is a set of levels to which each functionality is evaluated. These levels go from zero or low to very high. We are investigating how evaluation profiles can be defined for different applications and how importance sampling techniques could be used to evaluate the false alarm rate in an automated way.

Watermarking schemes evaluation

Components of previous security systems were designed independently from one another and were often difficult to integrate. Described is the recently available IBM Transaction Security System. It implements the Common Cryptographic Architecture and offers a comprehensive set of security products that allow users to implement end-to-end secure systems with IBM components. The system includes a mainframe host-attached Network Security Processor, high-performance encryption adapters for the IBM Personal Computer and Personal System/2® Micro Channel®, an RS-232 attached Security Interface Unit, and a credit-card size state-of-the-art Personal Security™ card containing a high-performance microprocessor. The application programming interface provides common programming in the host and the workstation and supports all of the Systems Application Architecture™ languages except REXX and RPG. Applications may be written to run on Multiple Virtual Storage (MVS) and PC DOS operating systems.

Transaction security system

Cryptography is considered by many users to be a complicated subject. An architecture for a cryptographic application programming interface simplifies customer use of cryptographic services by helping to ensure compliance with national and international standards and by providing intuitive high-level services that may be implemented on a broad range of operating systems and underlying hardware. This paper gives an overview of the design rationale of the recently announced Common Cryptographic Architecture Cryptographic Application Programming Interface and gives typical application scenarios showing methods of using the services described in the architecture to meet security requirements.

Common cryptographic architecture cryptographic application programming interface

A well-designed application program interface for a line of cryptographic products simplifies customer use of cryptographic services by helping to ensure compliance with national and international standards and by providing intuitive high-level services that may be implemented on disparate systems. The Common Cryptographic Architecture is IBM's strategic cryptographic architecture. The Transaction Security System implements the Common Cryptographic Architecture in full. Furthermore, the Transaction Security System has implemented extensions to the architecture to address additional customer requirements. This paper gives the design rationale for some of the additional cryptographic functionality in the Transaction Security System beyond that mandated by the Common Cryptographic Architecture.

Transaction security system extensions to the common cryptographic architecture

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Transaction security system

Common cryptographic architecture cryptographic application programming interface

Transaction security system extensions to the common cryptographic architecture