The concept of toleration plays a central role in pluralistic societies. It designates a stance which permits conflicts over beliefs and practices to persist while at the same time defusing them, because it is based on reasons for coexistence in conflict - that is, in continuing dissension. A critical examination of the concept makes clear, however, that its content and evaluation are profoundly contested matters and thus that the concept itself stands in conflict. For some, toleration was and is an expression of mutual respect in spite of far-reaching differences, for others, a condescending, potentially repressive attitude and practice. Rainer Forst analyses these conflicts by reconstructing the philosophical and political discourse of toleration since antiquity. He demonstrates the diversity of the justifications and practices of toleration from the Stoics and early Christians to the present day and develops a systematic theory which he tests in discussions of contemporary conflicts over toleration.

Toleration in Conflict: Past and Present

In the sixteenth century, Erasmus of Rotterdam led a humanist campaign to deter European princes from vainglorious warfare by giving them liberal educations. His prescriptions for the study of classical authors and scripture transformed the upbringing of Tudor and Stuart royal children. Rather than emphasising the sword, the educations of Henry VIII, James VI and I, and their successors prioritised the pen. In a period of succession crises, female sovereignty, and minority rulers, liberal education played a hitherto unappreciated role in reshaping the political and religious thought and culture of early modern Britain. This book explores how a humanist curriculum gave princes the rhetorical skills, biblical knowledge, and political impetus to assert the royal supremacy over their subjects' souls. Liberal education was meant to prevent over-mighty monarchy but in practice it taught kings and queens how to extend their authority over church and state.

Princely Education in Early Modern Britain

1 Introduction 2 Rhetoric in the grammar school 3 Rhetoric and dialectic in the universities 4 English language manuals of rhetoric and dialectic 5 Everyday writing: notebooks, letters, narratives 6 Histories, conduct manuals, romances 7 Political argument 8 Elizabethan parliamentary oratory 9 Religious discourse 10 Conclusion: rhetoric, ethics and politics

Elizabethan Rhetoric: Theory and Practice

HUMANISM AS CIVIC PROJECT: THE COLLÈGE DE GUYENNE 1533-1583 Marjorie Hopkins Advisor: University of Guelph, 2016 Professor Peter A. Goddard Que disciplina adhuc observata in suo Burdigalen Gymnasio notior evadat, nec facile usquam depravetur. Thus, in 1583, the Jurade, the city council, of Bordeaux concluded its endorsement of the publication of Elie Vinet's Schola Aquitanica, the school programme of the Collège de Guyenne. This thesis examines the humanist programme at the Collège de Guyenne in Bordeaux from 1533 to 1583. Most studies of the Collège have focused on its foundation and institutional structure. Since Ernest Gaullieur's institutional history in 1874, research into Renaissance, Reformation, and educational history have made significant advancements, all of which shed additional light onto the Collège's history and its role as a source of civic identity in a growing national context. Additionally, the application of Pierre Bourdieu's concept of habitus grants insight into the social climate of academics in the sixteenth century. This thesis contributes to our knowledge of the Collège's and the regents' place in the development of Bordelais and French identity, but it also elucidates the regents' impact on the students who attended there, particularly Michel de Montaigne, a well-known writer who was apparently self-disclosing, whose education at the Collège shaped him into a prudent thinker with the capacity to see all sides of an issue. This study relies on sources published in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century as part of French national studies. These sources include foundation charters, notarial and royal records, letters, sixteenth-century publications, Inquisitorial trials, and material sources. The central argument of this thesis is that the regents at the Collège de Guyenne found a balance between stasis and change amidst the turmoil of the sixteenth century as they contributed to the emerging Renaissance identity of a resurgent French city. Moreover, this thesis examines the Collège de Guyenne as a political institution during a period of upheaval and transformation. The regents at the Collège de Guyenne embraced the diversity of Bordeaux and, in 1583, the Jurade endorsed the programme at Guyenne and declared that "[il] ne pût jamais s'altérer facilement."

Humanism as Civic Project: The Collège de Guyenne 1533-1583

In this book, Christopher Celenza provides an intellectual history of the Italian Renaissance during the long fifteenth century, from c.1350–1525. His book fills a bibliographic gap between Petrarch and Machiavelli and offers clear case studies of contemporary luminaries, including Leonardo Bruni, Poggio Bracciolini, Lorenzo Valla, Marsilio Ficino, Angelo Poliziano, and Pietro Bembo. Integrating sources in Italian and Latin, Celenza focuses on the linked issues of language and philosophy. He also examines the conditions in which Renaissance intellectuals operated in an era before the invention of printing, analyzing reading strategies and showing how texts were consulted, and how new ideas were generated as a result of conversations, both oral and epistolary. The result is a volume that offers a new view on both the history of philosophy and Italian Renaissance intellectual life. It will serve as a key resource for students and scholars of early modern Italian humanism and culture.

https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/renref/article/download/32470/24869

The Intellectual World of the Italian Renaissance: Language, Philosophy, and the Search for Meaning

This is one of seven volumes that will contain the more than 4000 adages that Erasmus gathered and commented on, sometimes in a few lines and sometimes in full-scale essays. The notes identify the classical sources and indicate how Erasmus' reading and thinking developed over the quarter-century spanned by the eight revisions of the original work. Many of the proverbs cited by Erasmus are still in our common stock of speech.

Collected Works of Erasmus

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Collected Works of Erasmus