A detailed review and chronological survey is presented of the various techniques which have been used for the measurement of river bank erosion and channel change. The techniques are classified according to the time scales involved (long, intermediate and short) and each is discussed with respect to accuracy and repeatability. The methods covered include sedimentological evidence, botanical evidence, historical sources, planimetric resurvey, repeated cross-profiling, erosion pins and terrestrial photogrammetry. Prospects for future developments are also discussed.

The measurement of river bank erosion and lateral channel change: A review

Environmental magnetism — A personal perspective

Rapid Evaluation of Sediment Budgets

Temporal variations in bedload transport rates that occur at a variety of timescales, even under steady flow conditions, are accepted as an inherent component of the bedload transport process. Rarely, however, has the cause of such variations been explained clearly. We consider three data sets, obtained from laboratory experiments, that refer to measurements of bedload transport made with continuously recording bedload traps. Each data set is characterized by a predominant low-frequency oscillation, on which additional higher-frequency oscillations generally are superimposed. The period of these oscillations, as isolated through the use of spectral analysts, ranged between 0·47 and 168 minutes, and was associated unequivocally with the migration of bedforms such as ripples, dunes, and bars. The extent to which such oscillatory behaviour may be recognized in a data set depends on the duration of sampling and the length of the sampling time, with respect to the period of a given bedform.



Several theoretical probability distribution functions have been developed to describe the frequency distributions of (relative) bedload transport rates that are associated with the migration of bedforms (Einstein, 1937b; Hamamori, 1962; Carey and Hubbell, 1986). These distribution functions were derived without reference to a sampling interval. We present a modification of Hamamori's (1962) probability distribution function, generated by Monte Carlo simulation, which permits one to specify the sampling interval, in relation to the length of a bedform. Comparisons between the simulated and observed frequency distributions, that were undertaken on the basis of the data described herein, are good (significant at the 90 per cent confidence level). Finally, the implications that temporal variability, which is associated with the migration of bedforms, have for the accurate determination of bedload transport rates are considered.

Temporal variations in bedload transport rates associated with the migration of bedforms

Heavy metal and magnetic relationships for urban source sediments

Trapping and Tracing: Some Recent Observations of Supply and Transport of Coarse Sediment from Upland Wales

Further medium-term estimates of bedload yield are derived from gravel traps formerly operated to keep watercourses open in the Lake District of England. They are compared with the results presented by Richards and McCaig (preceding communication).

Mountain bedload yields in the United Kingdom: Further information from undisturbed fluvial environments

Relationship between sediment supply and sediment transport for the Roaring River, Colorado, USA

The Afon Trannon, a gravel-bed river in mid-Wales with a catchment area of 72 km2, has recently been the subject of an engineering flood protection scheme. Following the enlargement and grading of the channel, lateral instability has produced considerable problems of maintenance. Geomorphological investigations are described which attempt to pinpoint the lessons of the scheme. Historical studies of floodplain sediments and channel change indicate firstly, an initially rather stable channel, but secondly a considerable, early history of channelization which may still have repercussions for system stability. This early channelization has now been modified in the recent scheme. Contemporary field study by survey and sediment tracing using the magnetic technique indicates the present instability of the sediments in a meandering channel given a trapezoidal cross-section and varied banks. Low-flow adjustments are as important as flood adjustments in the lower, straightened reach. Lessons for engineering schemes include the desirability of assessing erosion risk by rapid, cheap field techniques and historical investigations, and the consideration of more ecologically acceptable channel designs.

Channel change, fluvial geomorphology and river engineering: The case of the Afon Trannon, Mid‐Wales

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Papers

Trapping and Tracing: Some Recent Observations of Supply and Transport of Coarse Sediment from Upland Wales

Mountain bedload yields in the United Kingdom: Further information from undisturbed fluvial environments

Relationship between sediment supply and sediment transport for the Roaring River, Colorado, USA

Channel change, fluvial geomorphology and river engineering: The case of the Afon Trannon, Mid‐Wales