A review was presented to demonstrate a historical description of the synthesis of light-emitting conjugated polymers for applications in electroluminescent devices. Electroluminescence (EL) was first reported in poly(para-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) in 1990 and researchers continued to make significant efforts to develop conjugated materials as the active units in light-emitting devices (LED) to be used in display applications. Conjugated oligomers were used as luminescent materials and as models for conjugated polymers in the review. Oligomers were used to demonstrate a structure and property relationship to determine a key polymer property or to demonstrate a technique that was to be applied to polymers. The review focused on demonstrating the way polymer structures were made and the way their properties were controlled by intelligent and rational and synthetic design.

Synthesis of Light-Emitting Conjugated Polymers for Applications in Electroluminescent Devices

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to show results of optical measurement performed on poly – (1-(4-methylenephenoxy-1)phenylene-4-methylene-1.4-phenylnenitrylomethylene) (PPI2) polyazomethine thin films and to compare with poly - (1.4-phenylenemethylenenitrilo-1.4 phenylenenitrilomethylene) (PPI). Design/methodology/approach: Influence of oxygen atom in the polymer chain on optical properties of polyazomethine was investigated. Optical UV-VIS and FTIR absorption spectra of polyazomethine PPI2 with oxygen atom were recorded and X-ray patterns of these polymers were performed. Findings: The oxygen atom incorporated in ordered way into PPI2 chain breaks conjugation and cause increase of energy gap in polymer. Research limitations/implications: The oxygen atom incorporated between phenylene rings of dialdehyde changes PPI chain into sequence of alternative three ring conjugated fragments and oxygen atoms. Practical implications: Addition of oxygen atom inside aldehyde fragment in polyazomethine chain influences conformation of polymer. The prepared layers of polyazomethine with oxygen atom in the backbone are expected to be more amorphous and more luminescent properties. Originality/value: Polyazomethine is very interesting material as it has nitrogen atom in the backbone, and is isoelectronic counterpart of polyparaphenylenevinylene (PPV). This paper shows that addition of oxygen atom into polyazomethine chain influences its optical properties.

Optical properties of polyazomethine with oxygen atom in the backbone

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to show technical and chemical parameters influence on optical properties and morphology of poly (1,4-phenylenemethylenenitrilo- 1,4-phenylenenitrilomethylene) (PPI) thin films prepared by spin-coating method Design/methodology/approach: PPI thin films were prepared by spin-coating method with various spinning rates and molar concentrations. The monomers, terephthal aledehyde (TPA) and p-phenylenediamine (PPDA), were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and then mixed. Optical properties of PPI thin films were examined by UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy. Surface morphology of thin films were tested by atomic force microscopy. Findings: This paper show the influence of technical parameters of spin coating process onto properties of deposited thin films, such as thickness, optical properties and morphology. Research limitations/implications: Optimizing spinning rates and concentrations of monomers is excepted to allow for thin films to have required properties. Practical implications: Conjugated polymers with heteroatom in the backbone like PPI are very interesting materials for their electronic properties. PPI can be used as active element in organic both solar cells and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Originality/value: Spin-coating method is very cheap and fast method to prepare PPI thin films as compared with CVD method. Recognizing of optimal speed rate and concentration of solution will make thin films with required properties to be prepared.

http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.oai-journals-pan-pl-89427/c/oai-journals-pan-pl-89427_full-text_4b6a7e09-de42-42d8-80ff-a723346e7219.pdf

Influence of technological conditions on optical properties and morphology of spin-coated PPI thin films

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to show properties of spin-coated thin films of new polymer having silicon atom in the backbone. This amorphous polymer has appeared to be applied as active films in organic devices (as OLED). Design/methodology/approach: Thin films of 4-(diphenyl(4-(4-(5-(p-tolyoxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2yl)phenyloamino)methyl)-phenyl)silyl)-1-methylbenzamide (Oxad–Si-B) were obtained by spin-coating method. The methodology of preparing was changing of technological parameters such as solution concentration and spinning rate V. The films were deposited with five spinning rates. Findings: Such technological parameters as spinning rate and solution concentration has appeared to influence optical properties of thin films. These parameters were found to influence surface morphology and UV-Vis absorption spectra of thin films. Research limitations/implications: The optical properties of obtained films will allow further researches of this polymer. Its optical properties allow carrying of electrical measurements, which will be carried out in the nearest time. Practical implications: The value of Oxad-Si (B) energy gap suggests its luminescent properties and applications of this material as active film in optoelectronic devices. Originality/value: The goal of this paper is to show optical properties of thin films prepared with most optimal technology conditions.

Studying of polyoxadiazole with Si atom in the backbone

Supramolecular Structure of Poly(2-methoxy-5- (2´-ethylhexyloxy) -1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) Probed Using Wide-angle X-ray Diffraction and Photoluminescence

In this paper we report on the ways to improve the light emission intensity and photoluminescence (PL) properties of poly(p-phenylene vinylene), PPV, based materials by means of doping, copolymerization and also by the use of a vacuum/inert system . We doped the polymer with iron via utilization of the laser ablation technique . Using this method, different amounts of iron were incorporated to the polymer when the laser source was used for the periods of 60 and 120 s . The improvement of PL intensity was experienced for 60 s of doping compared with undoped polymer. We also experienced improvement in PL properties of PPV based materials when 2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexytoxy)-pphenylenevinylene (MEH), 2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-methoxy-4-(2-cyclo-hexylelhyloxy)benzene (MCHE)-PPV copolymer was used . A 1 :1 ratio of MEH-PPV and MCHE-PPV was found to be the best ratio for an optimum PL intensity for this copolymer . We also pointed out that the use of vacuum and inert environment is crucially important in improvement of the tight emitted from the polymer. In the final step of this investigation a computer algorithm was used to classify the copolymers from doped polymers, which was carried out with very accurate predictions of the different classes of the polymers under study.

An investigation on painting polymer with light emission ability on a substrate and three means to enhance the light emission to fabricate new display devices

In this paper, we report on the fabrication, characterisation, and application of new polymeric displays in view of the production of new navigation screens in the transportation industry. Conjugated polymer electroluminescence devices (CPELD) have been fabricated using poly (ppheneylene vinylene) (PPV). In this study, we report on the improvement of PPV-based displays by either adding side groups to the polymer structure or by copolymerisation. The effects, of a side group employed during synthesis, on the PL (Photoluminescence), EL (Electroluminescence) profiles and the light intensity of PPV derivatives were investigated. MEH (Methoxy-EthylHexyloxy) and MCHM (MethoxyCycloHexylMethyloxy) were used as side groups. It was found that the PL and EL intensities of the MCHM-PPV were higher than those of MEH-PPV. MCHM-PPV also demonstrated higher light emission at lower potentials and currents. Using copolymers of these two polymers produced even further improvement in PL intensity.

Smart polymers with light emission ability: millennium products for intelligent displays for navigation in the transportation industry

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An investigation on painting polymer with light emission ability on a substrate and three means to enhance the light emission to fabricate new display devices

Smart polymers with light emission ability: millennium products for intelligent displays for navigation in the transportation industry

Smart polymers with light emission ability: millennium products for intelligent displays for navigation in the transportation industry