/pdf/zoonosis-y-enfermedades-transmisibles-comunes-al-hombre-y-a-kaaautddnl.pdf

Zoonosis y enfermedades transmisibles comunes al hombre y a los animales

Tuberculosis continues to be an important disease both in humans and animals. It causes morbidity, mortality and economic loss worldwide. The occurrence of Mycobacterium bovis disease in humans, domesticated and wild animals confirms the relevance of this zoonosis. M. bovis in humans continues to be reported in industrialised countries and in immigrants from regions of the world where tuberculosis in cattle is endemic. The real incidence of M. bovis in humans in developing countries continues to be roughly under-estimated due to the scarcity of appropriate laboratory facilities to isolate and to differentiate M. bovis strains. In Latin America, less than 1% of tuberculosis cases are reported as being due to M. bovis. However, the economic relevance that meat and dairy industries play in these countries stimulates the promotion of bovine tuberculosis eradication programmes. Human-to-human airborne transmission of M. bovis does occur and it may be important where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans is prevalent, M. bovis infection in cattle is enzootic and pasteurisation of dairy products is not routinely practised. Eradication of M. bovis in cattle and pasteurisation of dairy products are the cornerstones of prevention of human disease. Measures should be developed to identify and control M. bovis infection in wild animals as these may be important reservoirs of infection for domesticated food-producing animals. There is a need for medical and veterinary professionals to cooperate on disease outbreaks. The information presented herein strongly supports the 'One World/One Health/One Medicine' concept.

/pdf/tuberculosis-a-re-emerging-disease-in-animals-and-humans-4sbna7fozk.pdf

Tuberculosis: a re-emerging disease in animals and humans

Companion vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) are an important threat for pet life, but may also have an impact on human health, due to their often zoonotic character. The importance and awareness of CVBDs continuously increased during the last years. However, information on their occurrence is often limited in several parts of the world, which are often especially affected. Latin America (LATAM), a region with large biodiversity, is one of these regions, where information on CVBDs for pet owners, veterinarians, medical doctors and health workers is often obsolete, limited or non-existent. In the present review, a comprehensive literature search for CVBDs in companion animals (dogs and cats) was performed for several countries in Central America (Belize, Caribbean Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico) as well as in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana (British Guyana), Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela) regarding the occurrence of the following parasitic and bacterial diseases: babesiosis, heartworm disease, subcutaneous dirofilariosis, hepatozoonosis, leishmaniosis, trypanosomosis, anaplasmosis, bartonellosis, borreliosis, ehrlichiosis, mycoplasmosis and rickettsiosis. An overview on the specific diseases, followed by a short summary on their occurrence per country is given. Additionally, a tabular listing on positive or non-reported occurrence is presented. None of the countries is completely free from CVBDs. The data presented in the review confirm a wide distribution of the CVBDs in focus in LATAM. This wide occurrence and the fact that most of the CVBDs can have a quite severe clinical outcome and their diagnostic as well as therapeutic options in the region are often difficult to access and to afford, demands a strong call for the prevention of pathogen transmission by the use of ectoparasiticidal and anti-feeding products as well as by performing behavioural changes.

/pdf/a-review-on-the-occurrence-of-companion-vector-borne-2plrzi4ets.pdf

A review on the occurrence of companion vector-borne diseases in pet animals in Latin America.

Neosporosis in South America.

Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease whose transmission is linked through multiple factors in the animal-human-ecosystem interface. The data on leptospirosis reported to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) for Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) countries/sovereign territories from 2005–2011 were mapped, showing a wide distribution of outbreaks in the region. Tropical terrestrial biomes are the predominate ecosystems showing reports of outbreaks. Climatic and ecological factors were relevant to the occurrence of epidemic outbreaks. The available scientific information from 2002–2014 was summarized to obtain a general overview and identify key issues related to the One Health approach. The primary serological test used for diagnosis and for conducting surveys was the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Reports regarding the isolation and typing of leptospires were scattered and limited to data from a few countries, but their results revealed considerable biodiversity at the species and serovar levels. A total of six out of 11 currently named pathogenic species were found in the region. There was also high diversity of animal species showing evidence of infection by leptospires, including rodents, pets, livestock and wild animals. Prevention and control measures for leptospirosis should consider issues of animal and human health in the context of ecosystems, the territorial land borders of countries and trade.

/pdf/animal-leptospirosis-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean-5e1vcc6lc1.pdf

Animal Leptospirosis in Latin America and the Caribbean Countries: Reported Outbreaks and Literature Review (2002–2014)

Neosporosis es una enfermedad parasitaria causada por el protozoo Neospora caninum, y que esta asociada con altas tasas de aborto en el ganado bovino a nivel mundial. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer la seroprevalencia de N. caninum en bovinos lecheros de crianza extensiva de los distritos de Molinopampa y Leymebamba, provincia de Chachapoyas, Amazonas. Con esta finalidad, en el ano 2002 se analizo 265 muestras de sueros de vacas mayores de 2 anos, que estaban distribuidas en 24 ganaderias, para la deteccion de anticuerpos contra N. caninum mediante la prueba de Inmunofluorescencia Indirecta (IFI). El 40.4 ± 5.0% (107/265) de las muestras presentaron anticuerpos en una dilucion de 1:200 sin diferencias estadisticas entre los distritos evaluados. Todos los hatos muestreados tuvieron animales seroreactores. La prevalencia encontrada fue similar a lo descrito en las principales cuencas lecheras del pais.

/pdf/neosporosis-en-bovinos-lecheros-en-dos-distritos-de-la-4ng0iq7riy.pdf

Neosporosis en Bovinos lecheros en dos distritos de la provincia de Chachapoyas

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of genomic ?-and ? -defensins (bovine enteric beta defensin – ?-def alp – and Defa 8 respectively) and their levels of expression as messenger RNA in samples of intestinal mucosa of newborn alpacas. Samples of jejunum of 30 animals from 0 to 45 days of age were collected. Genomic DNA and mRNA were extracted for PCR analysis and real-time RT-PCR respectively. All samples amplified a single DNA segment (between 800 and 900 pb) by PCR which corresponds to the alpha defensin 8 (defa 8), while 90% (27/30) amplified a segment expected 300-350 pb for ?-def alp and two additional bands of 800-900 pb evidenced by agarose gel electrophoresis. The detection of mRNAs by real time RT-PCR was performed based on Cycle threshold (Ct) analysis and Melting temperature (Tm) of the amplified products. The Cts for defa 8 products were found between 25.1 and 39.5 cycles with an average of 36.4 ± 1.9, and the Tm of the amplicons was located between 79.1 and 85.7 oC. The Cts for ?-def alp were found between 22.7 and 36.8 cycles with an average of 32.4 ± 3.3 and the Tm of these amplified products ranged between 71 and 81.9 oC. The expression levels were determined by relative quantification based on the comparative Ct method. The results showed increased levels of defa 8 and ?-def alp until the 3rd week of age, and a decline between the 4th and 6th week of age. The results demonstrate the genomic presence and expression of ? - and ?-defensins in the jejunum of alpacas younger than 45 days old.

/pdf/deteccion-genomica-y-expresion-de-peptidos-antimicrobianos-a-uv2o013tei.pdf

DETECCIÓN GENÓMICA Y EXPRESIÓN DE PÉPTIDOS ANTIMICROBIANOS (a- y B-DEFENSINAS) EN MUCOSA INTESTINAL DE CRÍAS DE ALPACA (Vicugna pacos)

The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was determined in 12 dairy herds of the Lima valley. Blood samples were taken in 311 female cattle older than 6 months of age for the detection of antibodies against BVDV by viral neutralization test. The herds did not have history of vaccination against bovine viral diarrhea disease. The prevalence of BVDV was 56.0 ± 5.5% (174/311) and the titers of antibodies against BVDV ranged from 2 to >256. Five out of the 12 herds did not have seropositive animals. The results indicated that the BVDV was widely distributed in dairy herds of Lima valley; although viral prevalence is low and some herds are free of the disease.

http://www.scielo.org.pe/pdf/rivep/v17n2/a11v17n2.pdf

Seroprevalencia del virus de la diarrea viral bovina en ganado lechero de crianza intensiva del valle de Lima

Se determino la prevalencia del virus de la diarrea viral bovina (VDVB) en muestras de leche de bovinos de las tres provincias ubicado en el Valle del Mantaro, Junin. Con este proposito se colectaron muestras de leche (228) y sangre (n=65) de vacas en produccion de 18 hatos lecheros para la deteccion de anticuerpos contra el VDVB mediante una prueba de ELISA indirecta y virus neutralizacion. El 72.4% (165/228) de los animales muestreados presentaron anticuerpos contra el virus en leche. La prevalencia del VDVB fue mayor en los animales de las provincias de Concepcion (86.3%), seguido por Jauja (83.3% ) y Huancayo ( 41.3% ). Las densidades opticas corregidas de las muestras fluctuaron entre O a 2.4. El VDVB fue detectado en todos los hatos muestreados en rangos de 9.4 a 100%. La alta prevalencia del VDVB en los animales de todos los hatos muestreados confirma la amplia difusion del virus en la poblacion bovina del Valle del Mantaro. Las pruebas de ELISA indirecta y virus neutralizacion tuvieron una perfecta concordancia al obtenerse similares resultados en 65 muestras de leche pareado con el suero de las vacas por lo que se recomienda el uso de la prueba de ELISA indirecta en muestras de leche para el estudio de DVB y otras enfermedades prevalentes en el Valle del Mantaro.

Anticuerpos contra el virus de la diarrea viral bovina en muestras de leche de bovinos del valle del mantaro (jauja, concepción y huancayo)

The prevalence of infectious agents associated with reproductive failures in Zebu and crossbred cattle (n=268), older than six months of age, from the IVITA Research Center herd in Pucallpa, Peru, was determined. Serum samples were collected for the detection of antibodies against Brucella sp., Leptospira serovares: canicola, icterohemorrhagiae, pomona and hardjo, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), Bovine Herpes Virus Type 1 (BHV-1) and Neospora caninum by a commercial indirect ELISA, microglutination, viral neutralization and indirect immunofluorescence tests, respectively. No antibodies were detected against Brucella sp., L. pomona and BVDV. The 46.3 ± 6.0% of the animals had antibodies against BHV-1. The highest seroprevalence of BHV-1 (63.2%) was found in cows older than 18 months. Antibody titres against BHV-1 varied from 2 till >256. The 52.2% of the animals had antibodies against Leptospira. The higher prevalence (35%) corresponded to L. hardjo followed by L. canicola and L. icterohemorrhagiae (14.9%). The titers of antibodies ranged from 1:100 to 1:400. Antibodies against N. caninum was found in 1.5% of the samples. These results indicate that Brucella sp. and BVDV are not prevalent in the herd. The eradication of N. caninum is feasible due to its low prevalence, but BHV-1 and Leptospira could be considered of sanitary risk for this herd.

/pdf/prevalencia-de-enfermedades-de-impacto-reproductivo-en-58zslfdb6m.pdf

Prevalencia de enfermedades de impacto reproductivo en bovinos de la estación experimental de trópico del centro de investigaciones ivita

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