Publisher Summary This chapter describes sterile insect techniques (SIT). It is a biologically based method for the control of key insect pests. Wild female insects inseminated by released, radiation-sterilized males do not reproduce, and repeated releases of the sterilized insects lead to a reduction in pest population numbers. Effective control using sterile insects is achieved when they are used systematically as part of area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programs. SIT is species-specific, nonpolluting, and resistance-free. Since the original concept was developed in the United States in the 1940s, SIT has been used successfully for screwworm flies, tsetse flies, fruit flies, and moths. Technical progress in behavioral ecology, mass rearing, strain improvement, global information, positioning and monitoring systems, and aerial release, combined with economies of scale and a growing demand for pest-free and low-pesticide agricultural products in local and international trade, have increased the use of SIT in AW-IPM programs. These programs, by decreasing insecticide use, have also facilitated the use of biological control agents against secondary insect pests.

/pdf/sterile-insect-technique-xi6er5rwhs.pdf

Sterile Insect Technique

The chapter focuses on the understanding of the mechanisms of sperm competition, which are essential for interpreting nonrandom patterns of paternity and for predicting the types of adaptations that sperm competition can generate. P2 values are often used to infer the mechanism of underlying patterns of sperm utilization: intermediate values are taken as indicative of sperm mixing while higher values of P2 are taken as evidence for sperm precedence or sperm displacement. The bimodal distribution of P2 values seen in Lepidoptera is an excellent example of how little the mean value of P2 can tell us about the patterns of sperm competition. Patterns of sperm competition can change markedly with changes in the intervals between copulations. It is clear that males can adjust the numbers of sperm ejaculated into females, depending on female quality and/or the risks of sperm competition. Thus, patterns of sperm utilization depend on the behavior of males. Alternatively, they also depend on the responses of females to males that vary in their quality as mates. Variation in the numbers of sperm inseminated into the female prior to the final mating can have marked effects on the patterns of sperm utilization.

10 – Sperm Competition in Insects: Mechanisms and the Potential for Selection

The taxonomy and identification of Heliothis armigera and H. punctigera, their distribution and host plants in Australia, the effect of host plant on reproduction and on the development and survival of immature stages, their movements, population biology and dynamics, and their control, are reviewed. Areas where further study is desirable include: the nature of host plant selection and host species preference; adaptability to new cultivars; effects of host plant on development; detailed life-table studies on different host plants; the contribution of predation, parasitism and disease to mortality; factors responsible for fluctuations in populations between years, including the origins of outbreak populations; and control strategies other than insecticide treatment.

The Biology and Ecology of Heliothis-Armigera (hubner) and Heliothis-Punctigera Wallengren (lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Australia - What Do We Know

Female choice in the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus (De Geer)

4 – Male Mating Effort, Confidence of Paternity, and Insect Sperm Competition

The level of aliesterase enzymes in Musca domestica L. was found to be higher in females than males, higher in mated flies of both sexes than in unmated flies and to show a cyclic activity with age in mated flies. Tri-o-cresyl phosphate inhibited the aliesterase by approximately 68 per cent. for eight days at a dosage of 90 μg/fly. Increasing dosages of this phosphate did not further inhibit the enzyme nor further reduce the batch of eggs (approximately 40 per cent. reduction) but did progressively increase the pre-ovipositional period. A possible role for aliesterase enzyme in oogenesis is discussed.

A possible role for aliesterase enzymes in insects

A bran‐based medium for larvae of D. tryoni was evaluated and found to be equivalent to the currently used carrot‐based medium. A colony of D. tryoni has been reared for nine generations on the bran medium. Copyright

Rearing larvae of the queensland fruit fly, dacus tryoni (froggatt) (diptera:tephritidae), on a bran‐based medium

The O‐demethylation of 4‐nitroanisole was used to evaluate mixed‐function oxidase (MFO) activity in last and penultimate instar larvae of H. punctiger. The specific activity of tissues of early fifth instar larvae in decreasing order were midgut, integument, fatbody, head capsule, and whole larva. Specific activity of the midgut rose rapidly from the beginning of the instar and then returned to a relatively low level when the insect stopped feeding. Fatbody specific activity increased until early in the last instar and remained at about this level until pupation. Specific activity of the integument was highest at the beginning and end of the instar and lowest in the middle. O‐demethylase activity per larva revealed that although midgut activity was low late in the fifth instar, the insect still possessed relatively high levels of MFO's in the integument and particularly the fatbody. Copyright

Mixed‐function oxidase activity in larvae of heliothis punctiger wallengren (lepidoptera: noctuidae)

Hitherto unavailable data on the biology and reproduction of Dacus cucumis French is presented. Sterilization of both sexes was achieved by topical application, tarsal contact, and oral administration of both metepa and hempa. Following topical application metepa was a better sterilant than hempa with male flies, but the reverse was true with females. When offered to adult flies in sugar, hempa was a better sterilant than metepa with both sexes and females required higher doses than males for complete sterility. At high levels of sterility the competitiveness of treated flies was reduced, but the data suggest, that following oral administration, hempa was less deleterious than metepa. Copyright

Biology and chemical sterilization of the fruit fly dacus cucumis french (diptera: tephritidae)

The susceptibility of five strains of Culex pipiens fatigans from Queensland was investigated and evidence of resistance to DDT, dieldrin and lindane was obtained. All strains were susceptible to organophosphorus insecticides. Toxicological data for the WHO Standardized Inbred Strain is presented.

The status of insecticide resistance in populations of culex pipiens fatigans wiedemann (diptera: culicidae) from queensland

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