A review on the utilization of fly ash

Low cost adsorbents for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater.

Technologies for the removal of phenol from fluid streams: a short review of recent developments.

Fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates for ethanol production.

Process development for the removal of lead and chromium from aqueous solutions using red mud--an aluminium industry waste.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of biologically removing phenol from waste gases by means of a biofilter using a Pseudomonas putida strain. Two series of both batch and continuous tests have been performed in order to ascertain the microbial degradation of phenol. For the preliminary batch tests, carried out in order to test the effective feasibility of the process and to investigate their kinetic behavior, two different microbial cultures belonging to the Pseudomonas genus have been employed, a heterogeneous culture and a pure strain of P. putida. The results of these comparative investigation showed that the pure culture is more efficient than the mixed one, even when the latter has undergone three successive acclimatization tests. The continuous experiments have been conducted during a period of about 1 year in a laboratory-scale column, packed with a mixture of peat and glass beads, and utilizing the pure culture of P. putida as microflora and varying the inlet phenol concentration from 50 up to 2000 mg m(-3). The results obtained show that high degrees of conversion can be obtained (0.93/0.996) operating at a residence time of 54 s.

Phenol removal from waste gases with a biological filter by Pseudomonas putida

This paper presents a general review on the problem of the so-called ‘fly ash’ deriving from the combustion of fossil coal for energy production.

Preliminary information is given on the actual coal consumption for the aforesaid purpose as well as on the corresponding fly ash generation, with further regard to its average composition and other characteristics.

Some further considerations on the main environmental problems, due to the present amount of fly ash to dispose of, are also developed.

The main solutions to the problems are then examined and discussed, with particular reference to disposal as well as to civil engineering, technological, industrial, agricultural, environmental and biological applications of fly ash.

Fly ash disposal and utilization.

Hardwood hemicellulose hydrolysate has been utilized as a substrate for ethanol production. Among the three different yeasts tested, the best performances have been obtained, in decreasing order, usingPachysolen tannophilus, Candida shehatae andPichia stipitis. Several pretreatments of this raw material have been studied to improve ethanol yields; in one such pretreatment a strain ofP. tannophilus produced ethanol with a yield of 0.29 gethanol/gsugars (gP/gS); which is only 15% less than the values observed with synthetic media. Neither aeration nor acetone addition improved the fermentation of this substrate; in fact, only a marked stimulation of biomass growth has been observed at the expense of both ethanol and xylitol production.

Fermentation of hardwood hemicellulose hydrolysate by Pachysolen tannophilus, Candida shehatae and Pichia stipitis.

The increasing interest in alcohol fermentation over these last years because of the energy crisis has been demonstrated by an increase in scientific research. After a brief analysis of the main results of the literature in the field of alcohol fermentation reactors, the use of a new type of immobilized cell reactor [the rotating biological surface (RBS) reactor] was studied. As is well known, the RBS reactor is a form of fixed-film reactor and can be described as a dynamic trickling filter. Our experimental apparatus employed a spongy material to trap the yeast cells on the disks. The results of fermentations carried out in the RBS reactor working in batch, in continuous with cell support, and in continuous without cell support have been presented in order to compare the different productivities and to assess the performance of the RBS immobilized cell reactor. An ethanol productivity of 7.1 g/L h was achieved in the RBS-ICR at a dilution rate of 0.3 h(-1), 2.5 times higher than the maximum productivity obtained in the RBS reactor without support at a lower dilution rate. The adoption of a spongy material as a cell immobilizer, combined with the use of the RBS reactor, enhances the particular advantages of both systems.

Continuous alcohol fermentation in an immobilized cell rotating disk reactor.

Hydrogenolysis of organochlorinated pollutants: Kinetics and thermodynamics

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