Wearable Sensors-Enabled Human–Machine Interaction Systems: From Design to Application

Atom-based measurements of length, time, gravity, inertial forces and electromagnetic fields are receiving increasing attention. Atoms possess properties that suggest clear advantages as self calibrating platforms for measurements of these quantities. In this review, we describe work on a new method for measuring radio frequency (RF) electric fields based on quantum interference using either Cs or Rb atoms contained in a dielectric vapor cell. Using a bright resonance prepared within an electromagnetically induced transparency window it is possible to achieve high sensitivities, <1 μV cm−1 Hz−1/2, and detect small RF electric fields μV cm−1 with a modest setup. Some of the limitations of the sensitivity are addressed in the review. The method can be used to image RF electric fields and can be adapted to measure the vector electric field amplitude. Extensions of Rydberg atom-based electrometry for frequencies up to the terahertz regime are described.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-4075/48/20/202001/pdf

Atom based RF electric field sensing

Optical fibers provide much more than a means to transport light between different locations. This article reviews how integration of functional fluid, solid, and gaseous materials in photonic crystal fibers enables control of their linear and nonlinear properties with applications in optoelectronics, sensing, and laser science.

/pdf/hybrid-photonic-crystal-fiber-40yznmw3kw.pdf

Hybrid photonic-crystal fiber

Optical nonlinearity has been widely used to try to produce optical isolators. However, this is very difficult to achieve due to dynamical reciprocity. Here, we show the use of the chiral cross-Kerr nonlinearity of atoms at room temperature to realize optical isolation, circumventing dynamical reciprocity. In our approach, the chiral cross-Kerr nonlinearity is induced by the thermal motion of $N$-type atoms. The resulting cross phase shift and absorption of a weak probe field are dependent on its propagation direction. This proposed optical isolator can achieve more than 30 dB of isolation ratio, with a low loss of less than 1 dB. By inserting this atomic medium in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, we further propose a four-port optical circulator with a fidelity larger than 0.9 and an average insertion loss less than 1.6 dB. Using atomic vapor embedded in an on-chip waveguide, our method may provide chip-compatible optical isolation at the single-photon level of a probe field.

https://link.aps.org/accepted/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.203602

Cavity-Free Optical Isolators and Circulators Using a Chiral Cross-Kerr Nonlinearity

Since their inception, about 20 years ago, hollow-core photonic crystal fiber and its gas-filled form are now establishing themselves both as a platform in advancing our knowledge on how light is confined and guided in microstructured dielectric optical waveguides, and a remarkable enabler in a large and diverse range of fields. The latter spans from nonlinear and coherent optics, atom optics and laser metrology, quantum information to high optical field physics and plasma physics. Here, we give a historical account of the major seminal works, we review the physics principles underlying the different optical guidance mechanisms that have emerged and how they have been used as design tools to set the current state-of-the-art in the transmission performance of such fibers. In a second part of this review, we give a nonexhaustive, yet representative, list of the different applications where gas-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber played a transformative role, and how the achieved results are leading to the emergence of a new field, which could be coined “Gas photonics”. We particularly stress on the synergetic interplay between glass, gas, and light in founding this new fiber science and technology.

Hollow-Core Fiber Technology: The Rising of “Gas Photonics”

The giant electro-optical response of Rydberg atoms manifests itself in the emergence of sidebands in the Rydberg excitation spectrum if the atom is exposed to a radio-frequency (RF) electric field. Here we report on the study of RF-dressed Rydberg atoms inside hollow-core photonic crystal fibres, a system that enables the use of low modulation voltages and offers the prospect of miniaturised vapour-based electro-optical devices. Narrow spectroscopic features caused by the RF field are observed for modulation frequencies up to 500 MHz.

/pdf/rf-dressed-rydberg-atoms-in-hollow-core-fibres-2bak7996o8.pdf

RF-dressed Rydberg atoms in hollow-core fibres

We present recent results on how Rydberg atoms are influenced inside a kagome photonic crystal fiber. Changing the core diameter alters the interactions between Rydberg atoms and the glass walls.

Rydberg atoms in kagomé photonic crystal fiber

The exceptionally large polarizability of highly excited Rydberg atoms-six orders of magnitude higher than ground-state atoms--makes them of great interest in fields such as quantum optics, quantum computing, quantum simulation and metrology. However, if they are to be used routinely in applications, a major requirement is their integration into technically feasible, miniaturized devices. Here we show that a Rydberg medium based on room temperature caesium vapour can be confined in broadband-guiding kagome-style hollow-core photonic crystal fibres. Three-photon spectroscopy performed on a caesium-filled fibre detects Rydberg states up to a principal quantum number of n=40. Besides small energy-level shifts we observe narrow lines confirming the coherence of the Rydberg excitation. Using different Rydberg states and core diameters we study the influence of confinement within the fibre core after different exposure times. Understanding these effects is essential for the successful future development of novel applications based on integrated room temperature Rydberg systems.

/pdf/rydberg-atoms-in-hollow-core-photonic-crystal-fibres-1pn8wbxz22.pdf

Rydberg atoms in hollow-core photonic crystal fibres.

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RF-dressed Rydberg atoms in hollow-core fibres

Rydberg atoms in kagomé photonic crystal fiber

Rydberg atoms in hollow-core photonic crystal fibres.