Diffraction grating based fiber optic interferometric systems for use in optical coherence tomography, wherein sample and reference light beams are formed by a first beam splitter and the sample light beam received from a sample and a reference light beam are combined on a second beam splitter. In one embodiment, the first beam splitter is an approximately 50/50 beam splitter, and the second beam splitter is a non 50/50 beam splitter. More than half of the energy of the sample light beam is directed into the combined beam and less than half of the energy of the reference light beam are directed into the combined beam by the second beam splitter. In another embodiment, the first beam splitter is a non 50/50 beam splitter and the second beam splitter is an approximately 50/50 beam splitter. An optical circulator is provided to enable the sample light beam to bypass the first beam splitter after interaction with a sample. Two combined beams are formed by the second beam splitter for detection by two respective detectors. More than half of the energy of the light source provided to the first beam splitter is directed into the sample light beam and less than half of the energy is directed into the reference light beam. The energy distribution between the sample and reference light beams can be controlled by selection of the characteristics of the beam splitters.

Diffraction grating based interferometric systems and methods

Magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) measurements were made on hot-rolled mild steel samples uniaxially deformed to differing magnitudes of plastic strain, to study the dependence of MBN activity on plastic strain. The results indicated an initial increase in MBN energy with increasing plastic strain followed by a decrease at higher plastic deformations. At still higher plastic deformations, the MBN energy was found to be almost independent of plastic strain. The results are explained in terms of different mechanisms of interaction of domain walls with dislocations, with increasing plastic strain. The behavior of MBN energy with plastic strain was found to be anisotropic and the angular MBN measurements indicated that the deformation-induced easy axis of magnetization changed direction with increasing plastic strain. At higher deformations, the MBN activity was largely controlled by the deformation-induced anisotropy, due to residual stress.

Influence of uniaxial plastic deformation on magnetic Barkhausen noise in steel

http://www.pmt.usp.br/ACADEMIC/landgraf/nossos%20artigos%20em%20pdf/02lan%20JMMM%20smalldef.pdf

Losses and permeability improvement by stress relieving fully processed electrical steels with previous small deformations

The influence of residual stress on the hysteresis properties of mild steel is studied in detail. Magnetic measurements were done in different directions to investigate the stress-induced anisotropy. The hysteresis loops measured in any fixed direction at different levels of deformation crossed at two points known as the coincident points. One possible explanation of this effect is proposed and it makes an assumption about the stress-induced term in the effective field model. Loops measured in different directions at any fixed level of deformation also crossed at two points. It was found that the hysteresis loop follows a very simple formula when changing the direction of the measurement from the easy axis to the hard one. This explained not only the crossing of these loops at the two points but also the results of measurements on ring-shaped samples where all the directions are possible.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/40/4/004/pdf

Influence of the residual stress on the magnetization process in mild steel

The magnetic Barkhausen energy in the rolling and transversal directions of AISI/SAE 1070 annealed surfaces is studied. The measurements were made in the samples under applied tension in the elastic–plastic region for different angular directions. The outcomes evidence that the magnetic anisotropy coefficient can be used to characterize the linear and nonlinear elastic limits of the material under tensile stresses. The results also show that the area of the curve corresponding to the angular dependence of the number of Barkhausen jumps with average energy presents a maximum value that corresponds to the elastic limit of the sample.

Characterization of the elastic–plastic region in AISI/SAE 1070 steel by the magnetic barkhausen noise

We have investigated how plastic deformation changes the yield stress and the magnetic properties of an ultralow carbon sheet steel. Plastic strains up to 10% nearly doubled the yield stress from 150 to 290 MPa (22–42 ksi), and the coercive field from 0.17 to 0.31 kA/m (2.1–3.9 Oe). The effects on other magnetic properties, such as the Barkhausen signal and permeability, were also determined. It was found that a single magnetic parameter could be related to the yield stress with residual standard deviations as low as 1 MPa (0.2 ksi). Observations using a high-resolution interference–contrast colloid technique revealed a fine intragrain magnetic domain structure with the walls more effectively pinned in the 10% strained material.

Effect of plastic strain on magnetic and mechanical properties of ultralow carbon sheet steel

A steel hardness measurement system and method of using same are provided for measuring at least one mechanical or magnetic characteristic of a ferromagnetic sample as a function of at least one magnetic characteristic of the sample. A magnetic field generator subjects the sample to a variable external magnetic field. The magnetic field intensity of the magnetic field generated by the magnetic field generating means is measured and a signal sensor is provided for measuring Barkhausen signals from the sample when the sample is subjected to the external magnetic field. A signal processing unit calculates a jump sum rate first moment as a function of the Barkhausen signals measured by the signal sensor and the magnetic field intensity, and for determining the at least one mechanical or magnetic characteristic as a function of the jump sum rate first moment.

Steel characteristics measurement system using Barkhausen jump sum rate and magnetic field intensity and method of using same

This article is an overview of the jumpsum method for testing, in a nondestructive manner, the mechanical properties of ferromagnetic materials. The jumpsum method is a magnetic based method, which expresses and analyzes the barkhausen spectrum in terms of its profile rather than assigning the spectrum a mean or root mean square value. The jumpsum methodology allows unambiguous predictions of the mechanical properties of ferromagnetic materials over a wide range, including its ability to detect very small strains that are well below the 0.2 percent offset strain. Micromagnetics of the barkhausen spectrum and hysteresis loops are also discussed.

Review of the jumpsum based nondestructive testing method for evaluating mechanical properties of ferromagnetic materials

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Papers

Effect of plastic strain on magnetic and mechanical properties of ultralow carbon sheet steel

Steel characteristics measurement system using Barkhausen jump sum rate and magnetic field intensity and method of using same

Review of the jumpsum based nondestructive testing method for evaluating mechanical properties of ferromagnetic materials