RF superconductivity has become an important technology for accelerators at the energy and luminosity frontiers as well as at the cutting edge of nuclear physics and basic materials science. Nearly one kilometer of superconducting cavities have been installed in accelerators to provide more than 5 gigavolts of acceleration. Superconducting cavities support beam currents above one ampere, and deliver up to 380 kW of beam power. Steady advances in science and technology are responsible for spectacular increases in performance since the large installations of CEBAF (Jefferson Lab) and LEP-II (CERN) during the 1990's. The gradient of niobium cavities has more than tripled over the last decade, spurring new accelerators. The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory switched to superconducting technology in 2000. The X-ray Free Electron Laser at DESY will provide angstrom-wavelength beams of unprecedented brilliance. Recently an International Technology Recommendation Panel selected the superconducting option for the International Linear Collider. The 500 GeV collider will require 20,000 superconducting cavities, each about one meter long, operating at 2 K. Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) studies are flowering for a variety of applications: ultra-fast, high brilliance light sources as well as electron beams for cooling or colliding with ions in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Lab. Designs for the nuclear Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) demand high performance cavities. With many years of operating experience at major accelerators demonstrating a robust technology, SRF is ready to launch major initiatives.

Accelerating applications of RF superconductivity-success stories

The high gradient operation of superconducting elliptical multicells in pulsed mode is required for linear colliders or free-electron lasers based on the superconducting technology. Such an operation is limited by dynamic Lorentz force detuning if no compensation for this effect is attempted. The RF power headroom required for accelerating field amplitude and phase stabilisation by low-level RF control techniques solely would be too costly. A new active tuner with integrated piezo actuators has been developped in the framework of the european CARE/SRF program to solve this issue. The design is based on the lever-arm concept of the Saclay tuner already installed on running TTF cavities. We have carried out integrated tests of the 9-cell cavity equipped with the piezo tuner and power coupler in the CryHoLab horizontal test cryostat. Characterisation of the electromechanical system consisting of the cavity and piezo-tuner assembly and full power pulsed tests will be presented.

/pdf/compensation-of-lorentz-force-detuning-of-a-ttf-9-cell-lygkk2r3py.pdf

Compensation of lorentz force detuning of a ttf 9-cell cavity with a new integrated piezo tuner

Using superconducting cavities proved to be a reliable and efficient way to provide RF power to high-current, high-energy beams. Significant operating experience was accumulated in recent years in running superconducting cavities in electron-positron colliders CESR and KEKB. Recent results are reviewed. Successful operation of these machines as well as of accelerators of an older generation like LEP, TRISTAN and HERA made superconducting RF the technology of choice for many other high-current colliders (BEPCII, LHC) and light sources (CLS, DIAMOND, SOLEIL, TLS). A full set of superconducting cavities for LHC has already been manufactured and tested. The first cryomodule for SOLEIL was fabricated, tested on a test stand at CERN and recently subjected to a beam test at ESRF. The first CLS cryomodule has been commissioned without a beam. Results of those tests are discussed. Another trend in recent years is the use of beam-driven (passive) superconducting cavities for bunch length manipulation. Harmonic cavities are commonly used for this purpose. In the collider mode of operation bunch shortening enhances luminosity. Recent experimental results with fundamental RF harmonic cavities at CESR-c are presented. In the light source mode of operation bunch lengthening improves beam lifetime and raises coupledbunch instability thresholds as it is shown by experience with third-harmonic cavities at SLS and ELETTRA. BESSY-II plans to use a third-harmonic passive superconducting cavity for bunch lengthening as well.

/pdf/operating-experience-with-1-high-current-accelerators-4fac4skmnj.pdf

Operating experience with = 1 high current accelerators*

Superconducting radio frequency cavities are used as main accelerating cavities and harmonic cavities in modern light sources. The addition of a harmonic cavity provides the possibility to increase the electron bunch length and therefore to improve the beam life time. The effects on instabilities and the bunch lengthening factor by harmonic cavities can be obtained from theoretical calculations. However, these calculations ignore phase transient effects and may overestimate the desired performance of the harmonic cavities. A multibunch multiparticle tracking method was developed to simulate the performance of harmonic cavities for non-uniform filling patterns, which take into account phase transient effects. Performance simulations using this tracking method for a prototype 1.5-GHz superconducting harmonic cavity for the Taiwan photon source are presented here.

Performance Simulation for a Prototype 1.5 GHz Superconducting Harmonic Cavity

The SPIRAL 2 project to be built in GANIL is a high intensity ion linear accelerator for radioactive beam production. Most of the acceleration is provided by twenty four 88 MHz quarter wave resonators breaking into two beta families. The first ( β  = 0.07) was developed at CEA-Saclay, while the second ( β  = 0.12) was studied at IPN-Orsay. Each team has carried out the integration study of the QWRs in their respective cryomodule taking into account tight longitudinal space requirements. Prototypes of each cavity type have been built, prepared and tested in vertical cryostats. We present the RF and mechanical design of the resonators, cryostats, the preparation and test equipment specifically developed for QWRs, as well as the RF test results.

SPIRAL 2 resonators

Third Harmonic Superconducting Passive Cavities in ELETTRA and SLS

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Third Harmonic Superconducting Passive Cavities in ELETTRA and SLS