https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/pbr.12923

Quality protein maize (QPM): Importance, genetics, timeline of different events, breeding strategies and varietal adoption

Maize is the second most vital among cereals next to wheat which is produced as food and feed intake globally. However the biological protein value of normal maize is low and deficient in essential amino acids lysine, tryptophan and threonine. Appropriate diet is crucial for health, physical and mental welfare for individuals. But apposite diet relics a contest mainly highest in African critically in the communities where highly depend on maize as a diet. The most imperative solustion was the advancement of quality protein maize (QPM) payable investigation of mutant opaque-2 gene which enhances the levels of lysine and tryptophan in the endosperm. This paper reviews certain current accomplishments in the revolution of QPM varieties through conventional and molecular breeding techniques under stressed and optimum soilconditions. It is also obvious that certain QPM geno types have been developed and released mainly by CIMMYT and International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (ITTA) globally applying both breeding approaches in the past and the present. However the review addressed certain gaps in research efforts and defies as well as adoption and promotion of QPM varieties emphasized and ideas to impressed. Various conventional breeding approaches have been used to develop and released QPM varieties in various soil conditions. However the application of molecular methods will advance the proficiency and speed of QPM improvement, the charge inferences could emped these technologies in the emerging countries. Further stress should be given for breeding QPM in stress tolerance (acidic soil, low soil nitrogen, drought) and post harvest loss (weevil) tolerance. Therefore it needs to more focu and emphasis for molecular breeding approaches and capacitate the breeders for this technology with the involvement of participatory breeding and variety selection through adoption and promotion enhancing the distribution and production of QPM varieties.

https://www.imedpub.com/articles/a-review-of-improving-theprotein-quality-with-the-composition-of-quality-traits-of-maize-zea-mays-l-grain-and-possible-breeding-te.pdf

A Review of Improving Theprotein Quality with the Composition of Quality Traits of Maize (Zea mays L.) Grain and Possible Breeding Techniques

The nutritional evaluation of quality protein maize (QPM) in feeding trials has proved its nutritional superiority over non-QPM varieties for human and livestock consumption. The present paper reviews some of the most recent achievements in development of QPM varieties using both conventional and molecular breeding under stressed and non-stressed environments. It is evident that numerous QPM varieties have been developed and released around the world over the past few decades. While the review points out some gaps in information or research efforts, challenges associated with adoption QPM varieties are highlighted and suggestions to overcome them are presented. The adoption of released varieties and challenges facing QPM production at the farmer level are also mentioned. Several breeding methods have been conventionally used to develop QPM varieties in stressed (drought, low soil nitrogen, resistance to grey leaf spot, Turcicum leaf blight, ear rot, and Striga) and non-stressed environments. At least three genetic loci have been found to be implicated in controlling the levels of a protein synthesis factor correlated with lysine. They have been mapped on chromosomes 2, 4, and 7. While the use of molecular approaches will improve the efficiency and speed of variety development, the cost implications might limit the use of these technologies in the developing world. More emphasis should be given to breeding QPM for tolerance to environmental stresses, such as low soil pH, heat, and combined heat and drought stress. The post-harvest attack of QPM grains should also be considered. The adoption of QPM genotypes by farmers has been found to be limited mainly due to the minimal collaboration between maize breeders, farmers, agricultural extension workers, and other relevant stakeholders, as well as the need for isolating QPM varieties from normal maize. Therefore, there is need to use participatory plant breeding (PPB) and/or participatory variety selection (PVS) to enhance and improve the adoption of QPM varieties.

Breeding for Quality Protein Maize (QPM) Varieties: A Review

Aims of the Study: This study was to determine the amino acid profile of two newly developed quality protein maize varieties and to develop variety-diagnostic molecular markers. Methodology: Two new maize varieties, named MUDISHI 1 and MUDISHI 3 have been developed by breeders and farmers using the participatory breeding approach. Total protein and amino acid profiles of the two new lines were compared to their respective parental population and a locally Original Research Article Nkongolo et al.; BBJ, 6(3): 101-112, 2015; Article no.BBJ.2015.032 102 released genetically improved normal maize variety. Maize accessions from the DR-Congo breeding program were analyzed using ISSR primers. Variety-diagnostic markers were identified and characterized. Results: Protein analysis data revealed that MUDISHI 1 and MUDISHI 3 are QPM varieties that are distinct from their original population, Longe 5 QPM from NARIUnganda and DMR-ESR-W-QPM from the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (ITTA, Ibadan), respectively. Lysine content in MUDISHI 1, and MUDISHI 3 were 3.5 g and 3.6 g of lysine / 100 g, respectively, which represents a significant increase of 20% and 23% over the genetically improved normal maize variety (Salongo 2) that is currently released. There was a significant increase of 25% of tryptophan and 33% of methionine in MUDISHI 3 compared to its parental variety while the amount of lysine was similar for the two varieties. There were 10% and 15% decrease of lysine and tryptophan, respectively in MUDISHI 1 compared to its original parent Longe 5 QPM. Genomic DNA was extracted from different maize varieties. One ISSR diagnostic-marker of 480 bp that was identified was unique to the QPM variety MUDISHI 3. This sequence was converted to a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker using a pair of designed primers. This SCAR sequence was not specific to MUDISHI 3 as it was present in all the varieties tested. Conclusion: The newly developed varieties are typical QPM lines. The development of an ISSR diagnostic marker indicates that it is possible to develop a molecular breeding program involving QPM and normal varieties.

Characterization of New Quality Protein Maize (QPM) Varieties from a Breeding Program: Analysis of Amino Acid Profiles and Development of a Variety-Diagnostic Molecular Marker

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Characterization of New Quality Protein Maize (QPM) Varieties from a Breeding Program: Analysis of Amino Acid Profiles and Development of a Variety-Diagnostic Molecular Marker