Plastic waste is currently generated at a rate approaching 400 Mt year–1. The amount of plastics accumulating in the environment is growing rapidly, yet our understanding of its persistence is very...

Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment

Degradation and stabilization of polymers

Photo‐Fries Rearrangement and Related Photochemical [1,j] ‐Shifts (j = 3, 5, 7) of Carbonyl and Sulfonyl Groups

Oxidation and fragmentation of plastics in a changing environment; from UV-radiation to biological degradation.

Anomalous aging phenomena in a crosslinked polyolefin cable insulation

Many derivatives of phenyl salicylate turn yellow when they are exposed, in solution, to ultraviolet light. This limits their usefulness as ultraviolet stabilizers for plastics. Evidence is presented to support the postulation that the yellowing is due to the formation, by a photochemical ortho rearrangement, of a derivative of 2,2′-dihydroxybenzo-phenone. Aromatic salicylates, such as 2,6-dialkylphenyl salicylate, in which the ortho rearrangement is blocked, are found to be nonyellowing stabilizers, although less effective than the better yellowing varieties, such as p-octylphenyl salicylate. Loss of stabilizer by volatilization, either in compounding or during subsequent exposure, is shown to be an important factor in limiting the effective performance of the stabilizer.

Mechanism of ultraviolet stabilization of polymers by aromatic salicylates

The ordinary methods for obtaining a rapid estimate of the useful life of a plastic, extrapolations from tests conducted at higher temperatures or at lower stabilizer concentrations than those of actual use, lead to serious errors in estimating the useful life of some stabilized polypropylene compositions. Two methods for obtaining more reliable rapid estimates of useful life have been explored and are reported here: (1) measurement of physical and chemical changes, such as weight loss, stabilizer loss, density increase, dyeability increase, and formation of carbonyl or hydroperoxide groups, which occur during the prefailure stages of oxidative deterioration at the temperature of interest (of these, measurements of stabilizer loss appear the most promising); (2) thermal development of the prefailure oxidative damage initiated at the temperature of interest. This method needs further exploration.

Induction period in the aging of polypropylene

During the past few years it has been reported that a number of metal-organic compounds show outstanding effectiveness as stabilizers against the oxidative deterioration of polyolefins and other polymers. This may seem surprising in view of the well known catalytic effect of such compounds on the oxidation of organic materials. Indeed, it has been observed that a given metal compound can act as a stabilizer in one system and as an antistabilizer in another. Even in a single system the compound may simultaneously retard one mode of oxidation and accelerate another. For example, the copper chelate of α,α-(ethylenedinitrilo)-di-o-cresol retarded the formation of carbonyl groups and accelerated scission during the photooxidation of polyethylene. It is the purpose of this paper to consider a number of examples of this sort drawn from the field of metal-organic stabilizers.1 Any comprehensive theory of oxidation and antioxidation should be able to encompass such curious anomalies.

Metal‐organic stabilizers and antistabilizers for polyolefin plastics

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Mechanism of ultraviolet stabilization of polymers by aromatic salicylates

Induction period in the aging of polypropylene

Metal‐organic stabilizers and antistabilizers for polyolefin plastics