The past two decades have brought many important advances in our understanding of the hereditary susceptibility to cancer. Approximately 5-10% of all cancers are inherited, the majority in an autosomal dominant manner with incomplete penetrance. While this is a small fraction of the overall cancer burden worldwide, the molecular genetic discoveries that have resulted from the study of families with heritable cancer have not only changed the way these families are counselled and managed, but have shed light on molecular regulatory pathways important in sporadic tumour development as well. In this review, we consider 10 of the more highly penetrant cancer syndromes, with emphasis on those predisposing to breast, colon, and/or endocrine neoplasia. We discuss the prevalence, penetrance, and tumour spectrum associated with these syndromes, as well as their underlying genetic defects.

Highly penetrant hereditary cancer syndromes.

Stomoxys flies are mechanical vectors of pathogens present in the blood and skin of their animal hosts, especially livestock, but occasionally humans. In livestock, their direct effects are disturbance, skin lesions, reduction of food intake, stress, blood loss, and a global immunosuppressive effect. They also induce the gathering of animals for mutual protection; meanwhile they favor development of pathogens in the hosts and their transmission. Their indirect effect is the mechanical transmission of pathogens. In case of interrupted feeding, Stomoxys can re-start their blood meal on another host. When injecting saliva prior to blood-sucking, they can inoculate some infected blood remaining on their mouthparts. Beside this immediate transmission, it was observed that Stomoxys may keep some blood in their crop, which offers a friendly environment for pathogens that could be regurgitated during the next blood meal; thus a delayed transmission by Stomoxys seems possible. Such a mechanism has a considerable epidemiological impact since it allows inter-herd transmission of pathogens. Equine infectious anemia, African swine fever, West Nile, and Rift Valley viruses are known to be transmitted by Stomoxys, while others are suspected. Rickettsia (Anaplasma, Coxiella), other bacteria and parasites (Trypanosoma spp., Besnoitia spp.) are also transmitted by Stomoxys. Finally, Stomoxys was also found to act as an intermediate host of the helminth Habronema microstoma and may be involved in the transmission of some Onchocerca and Dirofilaria species. Being cosmopolite, Stomoxys calcitrans might have a worldwide and greater impact than previously thought on animal and human pathogen transmission.

/pdf/transmission-of-pathogens-by-stomoxys-flies-diptera-muscidae-vqndsipncc.pdf

Transmission of pathogens by Stomoxys flies (Diptera, Muscidae): a review

Interactions between weeds and arthropods occur frequently. This review covers the topic of weed/arthropod interactions, and provides the reader with access to literature in the subject area that is scattered in weed science, entomological, crop production, and ecological journals. We first analyze the current status of weed and arthropod management in the context of multidisciplinary integrated pest management (IPM). The remainder of the review is organized according to the mechanisms driving interactions. The first section deals with interactions driven by trophic relationships, and is subdivided into direct and indirect trophic interactions. Direct trophic interactions occur when pest or beneficial arthropods feed directly on weeds. Indirect trophic interactions occur when arthropod feeding damage to crops impacts weeds through alteration of ecosystem resource availability, or through weeds serving as hosts for alternate prey for beneficial arthropods, or via tritrophic interactions. The second mechanism driving interactions is considered in relation to alteration of the physical habitat by the presence of weeds, such as alteration of temperature within the plant canopy. The third major mechanism driving interactions is based on control tactics for the two types of pests. These are considered from the aspect of direct physical effects, such as tillage, and from the aspect of interactions resulting from the use of pesticides. The latter is divided into direct effects of herbicides and insecticides on non-target pests and beneficials, and on interactions that result from alteration of host plant physiology by pesticides. A conclusion section attempts to place the impact of interactions into an IPM framework, and to indicate where multidisciplinary research involving weed and arthropod management should be focused in the future.

Interactions between weeds, arthropod pests, and their natural enemies in managed ecosystems

Tabanids are among the most free-living adult flies which play a role as livestock pests A single blood meal is used as a source of energy for egg production (100-1,000 eggs per meal), and females of certain species can oviposit before a blood meal is obtained (autogeny) Therefore, the maintenance of annual populations requires successful oviposition by only 2% of females Wild animal blood sources are usually available to maintain annual tabanid populations Larval habitats are also independent of domestic livestock Thus, the use of repellents or partial repellents is the only effective chemical strategy to reduce the incidence of tabanids on livestock Permanent traps (and possibly treated silhouette traps) can be employed to intercept flies Selective grazing or confinement can also reduce the impact of tabanids Stable fly adults are dependent on vertebrate blood for survival and reproduction, but the amount of time spent in contact with the host is relatively small Stable fly larvae develop in manure, spilled feed and decaying vegetation Management of larval habitats by sanitation is the key to stable fly control Treatment of animals with residual insecticides can aid in control; thorough application to the lower body parts of livestock is important Proper use of modified traps, using either treated targets or solar-powered electrocution grids, can be effective in reducing stable fly populations Adult horn flies spend the major part of their time on the host, and the larvae are confined to bovid manure Therefore, almost any form of topical insecticide application for livestock is effective against horn flies, in the absence of insecticide resistance Treatments should be applied when economic benefit is possible; economic gains are associated with increased weaning weights and weight gains of yearling and growing cattle Oral chemical treatments (insect growth regulators or insecticides) administered at appropriate rates via bolus, water, food or mineral mixtures can inhibit horn fly larval development However, adult horn fly movement among cattle herds limits the use of larval control for horn fly population management The augmentation of native parasites, predators and competitors has been attempted and even promoted for horn fly and stable fly control, but evidence for the success of such programmes is equivocal

Biology and control of tabanids, stable flies and horn flies.

"Lure and kill" technology has been used for several decades in pest management and eradication of invasive species. In lure and kill, the insect pest attracted by a semiochemical lure is not "entrapped" at the source of the attractant as in mass trapping, but instead the insect is subjected to a killing agent, which eliminates affected individuals from the population after a short period. In past decades, a growing scientific literature has been published on this concept. This article provides the first review on the potential of lure and kill in long-term pest management and eradication of invasive species. We present a summary of lure and kill, either when used as a stand-alone control method or in combination with other methods. We discuss its efficacy in comparison with other control methods. Several case studies in which lure and kill has been used with the aims of long-term pest management (e.g., pink bollworm, Egyptian cotton leafworm, codling moth, apple maggot, biting flies, and bark beetles) or the eradication of invasive species (e.g., tephritid fruit flies and boll weevils) are provided. Subsequently, we identify essential knowledge required for successful lure and kill programs that include lure competitiveness with natural odor source; lure density; lure formulation and release rate; pest population density and risk of immigration; and biology and ecology of the target species. The risks associated with lure and kill, especially when used in the eradication programs, are highlighted. We comment on the cost-effectiveness of this technology and its strengths and weaknesses, and list key reasons for success and failure. We conclude that lure and kill can be highly effective in controlling small, low-density, isolated populations, and thus it has the potential to add value to long-term pest management. In the eradication of invasive species, lure and kill offers a major advantage in effectiveness by its being inverse density dependent and it provides some improvements in efficacy over related control methods. However, the inclusion of insecticides or sterilants in lure and kill formulations presents a major obstacle to public acceptance.

/pdf/potential-of-lure-and-kill-in-long-term-pest-management-and-1iiymjlffh.pdf

Potential of "lure and kill" in long-term pest management and eradication of invasive species.

Author Institution: Entomology Research Division, Agric, Res. Serv., U.S.D.A. Gainesville, Fla.

Studies on the Mating Behavior of the House Fly, Musca Domestica L.

Sustained releases of the microhymenopteran pupal parasite Spalangia endius, at a commercial poultry installation in north Florida, completely suppressed a population of houseflies with in 35 days.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/189/4200/388.full.pdf

Suppression of a field population of houseflies with Spalangia endius.

Two hundred compounds were tested for ability to sterilize or otherwise interfere with the normal development of house flies ( Musca domestica L.). Seventy-nine had some deleterious effect when added to the larval medium, but only 10 affected development when combined with the adult food. Amethopterin (Methotrexate®; N-[p {(2,4-diamino-6-pteridylmethyl]methyl-amino} benzoyl) glutamic acid), the most active compound, caused sterility in the females but not in the males, in a single feeding when given in the initial meal, and reduced subsequent oviposition when given in a later meal Oviposition of house flies maintained in a room with a choice of treated and untreated food was only 2% as high as that of flies given only untreated food.

Tests with compounds affecting house fly metabolism.

Bibliography of Arthropod Chemosterilants

Fiberglass panels treated with a pyrethroid compound (permethrin, (3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl cis trans- (±)-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate)) at a rate of 2.5 g/m2 successfully reduced indigenous populations of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) by 84–90% in 7–8 days in field trials. It was calculated that the units removed more than 30% of the adult population per day from the environment when they were used at a rate of 1 unit/5 domestic animals.

Unique attractant-toxicant system to control stable fly populations.

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