Publisher Summary Overall, less attention has been paid to the biology of lizards and reptiles compared to other vertebrate groups. Lizard species occupy all continents except Antarctica, in habitats ranging from desert to rainforest, and exhibit arboreal, terrestrial, fossorial, and even semi-aquatic life histories. However, hormones and their relationship to reproductive cycles have been well described for relatively few lizard species, representing only 8 of 32 families—Lacertidae, Teiidae, Varanidae, Iguanidae, Agamidae, Scincidae, Cordylidae, and Eublepharidae. From a review of available data, it is clear that gonadal steroid profiles across the reproductive cycle and their hypothalamic–pituitary regulation have remained generally consistent across lizard species regardless of reproductive mode (e.g., oviparity vs. viviparity, genotypic vs. temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD)). Thus, evolutionary conservation is demonstrated in that gonadal steroids play critical roles in the physiology and behavior necessary for reproduction. Evolutionary innovation is demonstrated in the variety of organismal responses to these gonadal steroids. Targeted research with established model species along with underrepresented taxa, including work on the role of endogenous rhythms and seasonal control of reproduction, will greatly advance the understanding of lizard, and likely vertebrate, reproduction.

Hormones and Reproductive Cycles in Lizards

Spermatogenesis and regulatory factors in the wall lizard Podarcis sicula.

Important exogenous factors that mutually affect and regulate the annual sexual cycle of lizards, in the ecological context of adaptation, are environmental (rain, temperature, humidity, photoperiod, etc.), structural (vegetation change, food availability, etc.) and social factors (behavioural interaction, experience, etc.), while in some species endogenous (circa-annual) rhythmicity may prevail. Both endogenous and exogenous factors determine the time of hatching in the season providing the highest chances of survival for offspring. Hormonally controlled processes via the hypothalamus- pituitary-gonadal axis produce a cascade of events that determine the reproductive processes involved in reproduction, and can be found in all lizard species. These hormones, in addition to being necessary for successful reproduction and survival of the species, have numerous roles in physiology, metabolism and behaviour. The beginning, duration and end of the breeding season, and the duration of sexual inactivity, differ significantly by species and geographical distribution. Although there is much knowledge about reptile reproduction and its regulation, there are still hidden secrets and specificities in many species that have not yet been discovered or fully explained. 

pdf/utjecaj-okolisnih-cimbenika-na-hormonalni-status-gustera-2rr2sh801c.pdf

Utjecaj okolišnih čimbenika na hormonalni status guštera - pregledni rad

Seasonal changes in peripheral blood leukocyte functions of the turtle Mauremys caspica and their relationship with corticosterone, 17-β-estradiol and testosterone serum levels.

Changes of intratesticular sex steroid concentrations during the annual spermatogenic cycle of male lizards Podarcis sicula

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Changes of intratesticular sex steroid concentrations during the annual spermatogenic cycle of male lizards Podarcis sicula