Over 70 oxygen-containing polymers have been studied using high-resolution monochromated XPS. O 1s binding energies (BEs) are reported and compared with previous data from much smaller sample sets. The separation of the two components from O-C=O groups is quite sensitive to structural variation. O 1s peak widths and the effect of shake-up on peak areas are also discussed. For about a representative one-third of these polymers the O 2s region of the valence band has been studied in detail. O 2s BEs are reported and a nen parameter is introduced: the O Is-O 2s energy separation (oxygen valence parameter). This parameter has a greater range than the O Is chemical shift, is independent of any surface charging, and appears to have interesting diagnostic potential

XPS studies of the oxygen 1S and 2s levels in a wide range of functional polymers

The utility of employing a variable duty cycle pulsed plasma polymerization technique to control film chemistry during plasma depositions is examined using allyl alcohol as monomer gas. Large scale progressive variations in film composition are observed with sequential changes in the plasma duty cycles employed, all other plasma variables being held constant. In particular, the −OH functionality of the monomer is increasingly retained in the plasma generated thin films as the radio frequency duty cycle is lowered. Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analyses of the films obtained reveal that excellent film chemistry control is achieved during plasma polymerization of this monomer. The surface density controllability of functional groups, coupled with a gradient layering technique described herein to improve film adhesion to substrate surfaces, provides ideal opportunities for molecular tailoring of surfaces via subsequent derivatization reactions.

Pulsed radio frequency plasma polymerization of allyl Alcohol: Controlled deposition of surface hydroxyl groups

This paper aims to discuss and review developments in plasma surface modification techniques which have been seen over the past few years, with particular emphasis on low enrgy or soft plasma assisted surface polymerisation processes. While early work focussed mainly on protective coatings and surface activation, the advancements in microtechnology in the 1980s followed by those in nanotechnology in the 1990s and 2000s have resulted in new challenges for surface processing and surface modification processes. The latest advancements in plasma polymer chemistry have shown tremendous potential for the synthesis of reasonably well defined molecular structures with a high retention of functional groups. Some of the latest achievements and newest insights into the behaviour of such deposits in a liquid environment will be discussed, with a particular focus on bionanotechnological applications. Utilising novel approaches in surface and interface analysis, it will be shown that plasma polymers can be tailored to have considerable elasticity with reversible swelling characteristics, offering a three-dimensional interface for biomolecular immobilisaton procedures in a liquid environment.

Soft plasma treated surfaces: Tailoring of structure and properties for biomaterial applications

A cylindrically configured plasma treatment system for Radio Frequency Glow discharges fed with ammonia was used to modify the internal surface of ePTFE arterial prostheses to improve their biocompatibility. For a better understanding of the effects of this type of treatment on the surface, RF-plasmas were also performed on PTFE films. The surface chemical composition was then characterized by XPS. The initial analyses showed that 15% of the surface atoms were replaced by nitrogen (N/C ratio of 0.3), whereas the F/C ratio decreased from 2 to 0.7−0.5 which indicates that the treated surfaces presented different chemical species, such as amine, imine, amide, acid groups, and insaturations. As XPS analyses could not lead directly to the nature of the N-species grafted on the surface (the chemical shifts being not significantly different), chemical derivatization was thus performed. Vapor phase chemical derivatization was carried out on model polymers to evaluate the reactivity and the selectivity of each rea...

Ammonia RF-Plasma on PTFE Surfaces: Chemical Characterization of the Species Created on the Surface by Vapor-Phase Chemical Derivatization

Thin organic films were deposited from plasmas of allyl alcohol, acrylic acid, allylamine, and octa-1,7-diene onto aluminum substrates. These plasma polymerized films were analyzed by X-ray photoel...

Differences in the Aging of Allyl Alcohol, Acrylic Acid, Allylamine, and Octa-1,7-diene Plasma Polymers As Studied by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

A high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of trifluoroacetic anhydride labelling of hydroxyl groups : demonstration of the β shift due to -OC(O)CF3

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A high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of trifluoroacetic anhydride labelling of hydroxyl groups : demonstration of the β shift due to -OC(O)CF3