The primary sites of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) multiplication in intranasally (i.n.) infected pigs were found to be in the nasopharyngeal, tracheal and pulmonary regions. From the second day post infection (DPI) onward ADV invaded the central nervous system and other organs. The virus was isolated from the nasopharyngeal region for at least 2 weeks. In serum ADV was present with low levels from DPI 1 to DPI 7. In pigs vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine and then challenged the distribution of ADV was rather similar to that in non-vaccinated animals, in spite of the presence of neutralizing antibodies. The virus titres in the organs generally were lower than in non-vaccinated animals up to DPI 7. Thereafter, titre differences were no longer significant. Virus was isolated from the tonsils and the lungs for at least 2 weeks. Interferon production in vaccinated infected pigs was significantly lower than in non-vaccinated infected pigs. Though multiplication and dissemination of ADV occurred, vaccinated pigs did not show clinical symptoms of Aujeszky's disease. Traces of ADV were detected in a small percentage of white blood cells (WBC) of non-vaccinated infected pigs. ADV was isolated from the lymphocyte-enriched and polymorphnuclear leukocyte-enriched fractions, but not from the monocyte-enriched fractions, apparently on account of the small cell number. Multiplication of ADV was demonstrated in cultured WBC from some of the vaccinated and non-vaccinated infected animals. The results are discussed with regard to neural spread of ADV and the role of haematogenic or lymphatic dissemination of the virus by WBC and to humoral and cell-mediated immunity in vaccinated pigs.

Multiplication and distribution of Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies) virus in vaccinated and non-vaccinated pigs after intranasal infection.

This paper reviews biological properties of glycoprotein E (gE) of pseudorabies virus (Aujeszky's disease virus) and homologous proteins in other alphaherpesvirinae. It focuses on the gene encoding gE, conserved regions in the gE protein and its homologs, the complex of gE and gI, biological functions of gE in vitro and in vivo, the role of gE in latency and the role of gE in the induction of humoral and cellular immune responses. Special emphasis is placed on the use of gE as a marker protein in the control and eradication of pseudorabies virus.

Glycoprotein E of pseudorabies virus and homologous proteins in other alphaherpesvirinae

Level of virulent virus excreted by infected pigs previously vaccinated with different glycoprotein deleted Aujeszky's disease vaccines

Pigs which were vaccinated with an inactivated ADV vaccine developed a latent ADV infection up to 18 months after ADV challenge. Up to 6.5 months p.i. latent virus could be demonstrated by co-cultivation of different organ tissues (lungs, tonsils, olfactory bulb, brain stem, medulla). Afterwards, reactivation of latent virus was only achieved by immunosuppression of the animals. Immunosuppression led to a limited virus replication in nasal mucosa, tonsils, lymph nodes and central nervous system. In addition ADV was detected in the nasal secretions.,

Occurrence and reactivation of latent Aujeszky's disease virus following challenge in previously vaccinated pigs

Lymphocyte transformation test is a powerful tool in laboratory testing of immunologic competence of animals. The impaired function of the lymphocytes or presence of mitogenesis suppressing factors in the patient serum were detected by comparing lymphocyte transformation (expressed as thymidine incorporation) obtained in media containing either autologous, homologous, or fetal calf serum additions. Most valuable results were obtained by using at least two, preferably three, different phytomitogens: concanavlin A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and pl ytohemagglutinin (PHA) at optimal concentrations (Con A, 15 μg/ml, PWM and PHA, 5 μg/ml) and decreased concentrations (Con A, 5 μg/ml, PWM and PHA, 1 μg/ml). Mitogenesis induced by lipopolysaccharide was considerably smaller and not used routinely. With 2 × 10 5 lymphocytes/well, the background count of unstimulated lymphocytes in autologous serum in healthy dogs was usually between 100 and 400 counts/min (CPM), in clinically healthy cattle and horses from 200 to over 2000 CPM. Higher CPM were rarely detected without clinical disease. Increased background counts were often associated with viral infections, leukemias and lymphoreticular hyperplasias, decreased background counts were associated with various diseases. The stimulation indexes (SI) of healthy animals in autologous serum with Con A, (5 μg/ml) or PWM or PHA (1 μg/ml) were in the range from 100 to 1000 in the dogs, in the tens for Con A and in hundreds for PWM and PHA in horses and cattle. Increased SI were present during the incubation period of various diseases. Decreased SI were associated with numerous infectious and lymphoreticular diseases and were caused by any of the following: (1) the presence of serum immunosuppressive factor(s) in the patient serum, (2) the decreased response of lymphocytes to mitogens, or (3) increased mitogenicity of lymphocytes due to unidentified serum factors in absence of phytomitogens.

Lymphocyte transformation test in veterinary clinical immunology.

The appearence of cell-mediated immunity was studied in Aujeszky diseased pigs with the aid of thein vitro stimulation of sensitized lymphocytes. The first cell-mediated immunity reaction of lymphocytes occurred 4 days after infection. From day 7 to 35, the latest day tested, the reactions were most marked with lymphocytes from lymph nodes and spleen, whereas blood and thymus lymphocytes reacted less frequently; bone marrow lymphocytes showed no response. Reinfection did not considerably enhance lymphocyte reactivity. Humoral immunity was demonstrated a few days later than cell-mediated immunity. Neutralizing antibodies were first detected at day 7, reaching optimal titers at day 14. Complement fixing antibodies were detected from day 14 onward. Reinfection caused a very weak booster effect only on neutralizing antibody production. The sensitivity of the neutralization test could be enhanced up to sixfold by the addition of fresh guinea pig complement.

Cell-mediated immunity in Aujeszky disease virus infected pigs. I. Lymphocyte stimulation.

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

G. Bartenbach

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Cell-mediated immunity in Aujeszky disease virus infected pigs. I. Lymphocyte stimulation.