https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/309468/Gerssen-Gondelach%20and%20Faaij_Performance%20of%20batteries_2012.pdf?sequence=3

Performance of batteries for electric vehicles on short and longer term

Consequences of including carbon in the negative plates of Valve-regulated Lead―Acid batteries exposed to high-rate partial-state-of-charge operation

The sharp inclination in the emissions from conventional vehicles contribute to a significant increase in environmental issues, besides the energy crises and low conversion efficiency leads to the evolution of electric vehicles (EV). Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) have efficient fuel economy and reduce the overall running cost, but the ultimate goal is to shift completely to the pure electric vehicle. Despite this, the main obstruction of HEV is energy storage capability. An EV requires high specific power (W/kg) and high specific energy (W·h/kg) to increase the distance travelled and reduce the time required for charging. The main focus of this paper is on the energy sources as these are the main components in EVs towards making them eco-friendly and cost-effective. Various topologies of EV technology such as HEVs, plug-in HEVs, and many more have been discussed. These topologies of EVs are based on the diverse combination of batteries, fuel cells, super-capacitor, flywheels, regenerative braking systems, which are used as energy sources and energy storage devices.

A comprehensive review on energy storage in hybrid electric vehicle

Abstract The lead acid battery has been a dominant device in large-scale energy storage systems since its invention in 1859. It has been the most successful commercialized aqueous electrochemical energy storage system ever since. In addition, this type of battery has witnessed the emergence and development of modern electricity-powered society. Nevertheless, lead acid batteries have technologically evolved since their invention. Over the past two decades, engineers and scientists have been exploring the applications of lead acid batteries in emerging devices such as hybrid electric vehicles and renewable energy storage; these applications necessitate operation under partial state of charge. Considerable endeavors have been devoted to the development of advanced carbon-enhanced lead acid battery (i.e., lead-carbon battery) technologies. Achievements have been made in developing advanced lead-carbon negative electrodes. Additionally, there has been significant progress in developing commercially available lead-carbon battery products. Therefore, exploring a durable, long-life, corrosion-resistive lead dioxide positive electrode is of significance. In this review, the possible design strategies for advanced maintenance-free lead-carbon batteries and new rechargeable battery configurations based on lead acid battery technology are critically reviewed. Moreover, a synopsis of the lead-carbon battery is provided from the mechanism, additive manufacturing, electrode fabrication, and full cell evaluation to practical applications. Graphical abstract 

/pdf/lead-carbon-batteries-toward-future-energy-storage-from-1jse3yp9.pdf

Lead-Carbon Batteries toward Future Energy Storage: From Mechanism and Materials to Applications

Lead-acid battery chemistry adapted for hybrid electric vehicle duty

Spiral wound valve-regulated lead-acid batteries for hybrid vehicles

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Spiral wound valve-regulated lead-acid batteries for hybrid vehicles