Weather and climate play a key role in agricultural production. In recent past, the increased frequency of extreme climatic events has caused enormous damage to agriculture subsectors particularly in the Indian subcontinent. The Government of India through Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) has initiated documentation of climate resilient agricultural technologies for each district in the country. These documents titled as “District Agriculture Contingency Plans (DACP)” were developed to cope with weather aberrations and minimize their impact on agricultural sector. So far, the DACPs have been prepared for 623 out of 651 targeted districts in the country and are made available to different stakeholders for implementation. Implementation of DACPs during 2014–2016 with extensive planning and collective actions among stakeholders showed positive results in off-setting of sowing area reduction under deficient monsoon rainfall in India. Weather forecasting at subdistrict level with effective linkages with India Meteorological Department and ICAR/SAUs for developing farm level climate advisories is critical for further strengthening implementation process. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at Bonn, Germany, 2015 based on in-session workshop recommendation, have proposed agriculture contingency plans along early-warning-systems toward coping climate change impacts. Further, these experiences of India helped the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries to develop a contingency template considering the vulnerability of each country. Thus, agriculture contingency plan is evolving as a future strategy to manage aberrant weather situations for ensuring food security and livelihoods in different parts of the world.

Agriculture contingency plans for managing weather aberrations and extreme climatic events: Development, implementation and impacts in India

The effectiveness of soil conservation measures at a landscape scale in the West Usambara highlands, Tanzania

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami had a significant impact on the Tamil Nadu coast in India. In this paper, a range of field survey data collected by different survey teams available in literature have been analyzed and compiled to serve as a basis for validation of numerical tsunami simulations. The individual field surveys reveal a significant scatter in the run-up data between the different teams, which point out that the uncertainty in these data must be taken into account when using them for validation. The inundation of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami is simulated for the coastlines of Chennai and Nagapattinam based on high-resolution topography. Different spatially uniform Manning friction as well as heterogeneous friction maps is used. Overall, the simulation results showed a good agreement with the field observations, but there are also some observed spatial variability in the goodness of the fit between the data and simulations. In some areas, clear discrepancies are found. The results obtained using detailed land use maps including spatially variable friction are not significantly more accurate than those employing spatially constant values. For most areas, parameters indicating relatively low friction provided best match with the observations. This may also suggest that the inundation is often strongly governed by local variations in topography.

Impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami along the Tamil Nadu coastline: field survey review and numerical simulations

A twelve-month investigation was undertaken on how copepod community structure varied in relation to environmental factors in the Coleroon estuary, south-east India Sampling was monthly, from Station 1 in the sea to Station 4 in the Vettar backwaters Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was applied to elucidate the environmental factors affecting the copepod community A total of 104 copepod species in 38 genera and 26 families were recorded, with the Calanoids, Acartia erythraea and Oithona brevicornis being the most dominant At all four stations, both these species loaded near the intercept of CCA axes 1 and 2, perhaps reflecting that they were autochthonous Most species occurred in distinct seasonal patterns Abundances ranged from 13x10(3) to 215x10(3) (indm(-3)) Coleroon waters showed high diversity (bits/ind), from 529 at Station 3 to 497 at Station 4 Abundance correlated positively with temperature and salinity and negatively with rainfall, dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) and pH Species diversity correlated strongly with abundance (P<001) Abundance and diversity were highest during the summer, and both correlated positively with salinity Temperatures (air and water), salinity, pH and DO varied in the ranges 26-36 degrees C, 25-342 degrees C, 9-38, 70-87 and 30-68mll(-1), respectively Nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and silicate (mu M) varied in the ranges: 47-645, 04-141, 02-129 and 93-148, respectively

Seasonal variations in the structure of copepod assemblages in tropical marine and estuarine waters, Coleroon, south-east India

Nagapattinam, in the east coast of India, was severely affected during the deadliest Indian Ocean tsunami of December 26, 2004. The tsunami caused heavy damage to life and property, and the death toll was about 3,378 in Nagapattinam taluk. Certain villages along the coast witnessed large inundation while adjacent villages were protected from the fury of the tsunami waves. This study was carried out to examine the underlying causes for the vulnerability along Nagapattinam coast with the help of field observations, remote sensing, and geographical information system as tools. Coastal areas with high sand dunes have been protected from tsunami, and areas adjacent to backwaters were inundated. Realtime Kinematic Global Positioning System and high-resolution satellite data were used to map the topographic information and maximum extent of inundation. Thematic maps on land use, land cover, and coastal geomorphology were generated using remote sensing and field data. Using field data as the primary source of information, tsunami hazard maps have been generated for Nagapattinam.

Mapping of seawater inundation along Nagapattinam based on field observations

A quake-triggered tsunami lashed the Nagapattinam coast of southern India on December 26, 2004 at around 9.00 am (IST). The tsunami caused heavy damage to houses, tourist resorts, fishing boats, prawn culture ponds, soil and crops, and consequently affected the livelihood of large numbers of the coastal communities. The study was carried out in the Tsunami affected villages in the coastal Nagapattinam with the help of remote sensing and geographical information science tools. Through the use of the IRS 1D PAN and LISS 3 merged data and quick bird images, it was found that 1,320 ha of agricultural and non-agricultural lands were affected by the tsunami. The lands were affected by soil erosion, salt deposition, water logging and other deposited sediments and debris. The maximum run-up height of 6.1 m and the maximum seawater inundation distance of 2.2 km were observed at Vadakkupoyyur village in coastal Nagapattinam. Pre and Post Tsunami survey on soil quality showed an increase in pH and EC values, irrespective of distance from the sea. The water reaction was found to be in alkaline range (> 8.00) in most of the wells. Salinity levels are greater than 4 dS m -1 in all the wells except the ring well. The effect of summer rainfall on soil and water quality showed the dilution of soluble salts. Pumping of water has reduced the salinity levels in the well water samples and as well as in the open ponds. Following the 2004 event, it has become apparent to know the relative tsunami hazard for this coastal Nagapattinam. So, the Tsunami hazard maps are generated using a geographical information systems (GIS) approach and the results showed 20.6 per cent, 63.7 per cent and 15.2 per cent of the study area fall under high hazard, medium hazard and low hazard category respectively.

Impact of tsunami 2004 in coastal villages of nagapattinam district, india

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Impact of tsunami 2004 in coastal villages of nagapattinam district, india