Mosquitoes are serious biting pests and obligate vectors of many vertebrate pathogens. Their immature larval and pupal life stages are a common feature in most tropical and many
temperate water bodies and often form a significant proportion of the biomass. Control strategies rely primarily on the use of larvicides and environmental modification to reduce recruitment and
adulticides during periods of disease transmission. Larvicides are usually chemical but can involve
biological toxins, agents or organisms. The use of insect predators in mosquito control has been
exploited in a limited fashion and there is much room for further investigation and implementation.
Insects that are recognized as having predatorial capacity with regard to mosquito prey have
been identified in the Orders Odonata, Coleoptera, Diptera (primarily aquatic predators), and
Hemiptera (primarily surface predators). Although their cpacity is affected by certain biological
and physical factors, they could play a major role in mosquito control. Furthermore, better
understanding for the mosquitoes-predators relationship(s) could probably lead to satisfactory
reduction of mosquito-borne diseases by utilizing either these predators in control programs, for
instance biological and/or integrated control, or their kairomones as mosquitoes’ovipoisting
repellents. This review covers the predation of different insect species on mosquito larvae, predatorprey-
habitat relationships, co-habitation developmental issues, survival and abundance, oviposition
avoidance, predatorial capacity and integrated vector control.

Aquatic insect predators and mosquito control.

Some features of the biology and feeding relationships of small waterbugs (Notonectidae, Corixidae, Pleidae, Helotrephidae, Aphelocheiridae) and ripicolous bugs (Gelastocoridae, Ochteridae) are reviewed. Individual families are discussed as predators or as prey of other animals. Special attention is given to characteristics and relationships that affect human beings directly or indirectly. The most important relationships from the economic point of view are: bugs and blood-sucking Diptera, bugs and fish, bugs and some endangered or protected amphibians and water birds. Of less importance is the occasional use of some aquatic bugs as saprobity bioindicators. It seems that the economic importance of these bugs has been underestimated.

/pdf/small-aquatic-and-ripicolous-bugs-heteroptera-nepomorpha-as-eynqp0wu4k.pdf

Small aquatic and ripicolous bugs (Heteroptera: Nepomorpha) as predators and prey: The question of economic importance

Many mosquito control agencies use carbon dioxide-baited traps as surveillance tools for adult vector populations. However, decisions regarding the number and location of trap sites and the frequency of collections are often based on logistical issues, and not on the bionomics or spatial distribution of the target species. Therefore, with the aim of providing practical information for adult mosquito surveillance programs, we used an array of 81 carbon dioxide- and octenol-baited lights traps to obtain weekly samples of adult mosquitoes in Redland Shire in southeastern Queensland, Australia. The spatial patterns of four different mosquito species were examined, and positive spatial autocorrelation in trap counts was evident for Ochlerotatus vigilax (Skuse), Coquillettidia linealis (Skuse), and Culex annulirostris Skuse, but not for the container species Ochlerotatus notoscriptus (Skuse). Of the three species that exhibited spatially correlated trap counts, the autocorrelation was greatest in Oc. vigilax at a lag distance of 0-1.5 km, with Moran's I values of 0.30-0.64. Moran's I indices were also positive and statistically significant (P < 0.05) at lag distances of 1.5-3.0 and 3.0-4.5 km on each of the 15 sampling occasions. However, at 3.0-4.5 km the Moran's I values were low, which indicated only weak spatial autocorrelation in trap counts. Universal kriging was used to estimate the numbers of each species at unsampled locations throughout the study area, and leave-one-out cross validation analyses indicated that this was a robust method for Cq. linealis and Oc. vigilax. In contrast, trap counts for the container-breeding species Oc. notoscriptus were randomly distributed and the interpolated counts were not reliable. Comparisons of weekly contour maps of adult mosquito counts indicated a consistent spatial pattern for Oc. vigilax and Cq. linealis. Particular geographic areas had consistently high or low numbers of vectors, and these patterns were stable from year to year. Definition of geographic areas with consistently high or low numbers of vectors may allow control activities to be focused in areas with the greatest risk of arbovirus transmission.

https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-medical-entomology/volume-41/issue-6/0022-2585-41.6.1143/Spatial-Statistical-Analysis-of-Adult-Mosquito-Diptera--Culicidae-Counts/10.1603/0022-2585-41.6.1143.pdf

Spatial Statistical Analysis of Adult Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Counts: An Example Using Light Trap Data, in Redland Shire, Southeastern Queensland, Australia

We investigated diving beetle (Dytiscidae) assemblages in twelve wetlands in an agricultural landscape in southeastern Sweden. Beetles were trapped in wetlands that varied in permanence (temporary or permanent), area (25 to 4,800 m 2 ), age (11 to .50 yr), and shading (open to wooded surroundings). Our objective was to determine if those environmental factors are important in structuring the local assemblages of diving beetles and how the combination of different types of wetlands influence the diversity of diving beetles in a landscape. Generally, species-area relationships were weak, and shaded wetlands, both permanent and temporary, of intermediate size (240-1,100 m 2 ) had the highest richness after a rarefaction analysis. It was not possible to discern a certain type of wetland where diversity was highest (measured by index a and Shannon-Wiener's index), although, again, intermediate sized wetlands did tend to be more diverse than others. Similarities in species compositions were highest among environmentally similar wetlands, and as- semblage structure differed substantially between different types of wetlands. Results of ordination (CCA) and variance partitioning revealed that permanence and degree of shading were the most important factors in structuring assemblages. Our findings imply that high diversity of the diving beetles depends on the number of wetland types represented in a landscape. It is possible to achieve high diversity in a small area by combining permanent and temporary wetlands, as well as many age and successional stages, located in wooded and open environments.

https://bioone.org/journals/Wetlands/volume-21/issue-1/0277-5212(2001)021[0048:DBDAAE]2.0.CO;2/DIVING-BEETLE-DYTISCIDAE-ASSEMBLAGES-ALONG-ENVIRONMENTAL-GRADIENTS-IN-AN-AGRICULTURAL/10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021[0048:DBDAAE]2.0.CO;2.pdf

Diving beetle (dytiscidae) assemblages along environmental gradients in an agricultural landscape in southeastern sweden

This chapter succeeds Collins and Washino (1985) and Legner (1985). It consists of 3 parts. Initially, the literature since the first edition is reviewed. The latest references cited there were published in 1980 and 1981, respectively. Legner (1995) refers to references until 1995 but the scope is different. Therefore, literature after 1981 is included here with a few earlier references when necessary. Invertebrate predators other than Toxorhynchites and copepods, which are covered in other chapters, are listed irrespective of their potential as biological control agents or pest status of prey mosquitoes. For the most part, only English-language references are included. Regarding biological control of rice field mosquitoes, Lacey and Lacey (1990) provide the complete literature including reports in Proceedings of California Mosquito Control Association, not cited here. Second, predation by invertebrates and its significance in mosquito population dynamics are reviewed. This information is essential for ecologically sound manipulation of pest populations. Contribution of predation in egg and adult stages to dynamics of mosquito populations has not been evaluated quantitatively; therefore, only predation in the larval stage is included here. Larval predation is reviewed by 3 habitat types, namely, ground pools, natural containers (phytotelmata 5 small water bodies on living or dead plants) and artificial containers. Also included here are articles and reviews (Mogi 1981, Barr 1985, Service 1993) published after 1981, from which earlier publications can be traced. Third, difficulties and possibilities of using invertebrate predators for mosquito control are discussed.

https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-the-american-mosquito-control-association/volume-23/issue-sp2/8756-971X(2007)23[93:IAOIP]2.0.CO;2/INSECTS-AND-OTHER-INVERTEBRATE-PREDATORS/10.2987/8756-971X(2007)23[93:IAOIP]2.0.CO;2.pdf

Insects and other invertebrate predators

Colonization and abundance of mosquitoes and other insects were studied during four trials in man-made ponds at Mildura, Victoria. In December and February, respectively, Culex australicus and Cx annulirostris colonized the ponds within 1 day of formation. Maximum larval densities were attained within 8 days and, thereafter, densities gradually declined. The ponds were also colonized initially by predatory Coleoptera and Hemiptera, then Odonata. In three of the four trials, a significant inverse relationship existed between mosquito and predator densities. From life tables compiled during one of these trials, a survival rate of Cx annulirostris, from egg hatch to eclosion, was estimated to be 11%. Predation was considered to be largely responsible for the low survival. The results are discussed in relation to control of Cx annulirostris in temporary and permanent grassy ponds.

The mosquito and predatory insect fauna inhabiting fresh‐water ponds, with particular reference to Culex annulirostris Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae)

Sultana grapes grown in Australia for dried fruit are attacked by insects before and during harvest, and during drying and storage. Insect damage, including crop loss and contamination of the dried grapes with insect matter, varies between and within seasons according mainly to the incidence of rain damage. The effectiveness of chlorpyrifos for control of vinegar flies (Drosophila simulans Meigen, D. melanogaster Sturtevant), dried fruit beetles (Carpophilus hemipterus L., C. dimidiatus Fabricius, and C. humeralis Fabricius), raisin moth (Ephestia figulilella Gregson), Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella (Hiibner)), and saw-toothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus)) was investigated at Irymple, Victoria, in field experiments during 1979 and 1980. In 1979, pre- and post-harvest treatments of chlorpyrifos, applied at a rate designed to give an initial residue of 25 mg/kg in the grapes, reduced insect infestation in drying and dried grapes. In 1980, chlorpyrifos was applied pre-harvest at three rates designed to give initial residues of 50, 5, and 2 mg/kg, respectively. Treatments of 50 and 5 mg/kg were effective in controlling insects in the fresh, drying and dried grapes for each of four successive harvest occasions, and during storage in a commercial packing shed. Chlorpyrifos 2 mg/kg was less effective than the higher rates in controlling raisin moth, Indian meal moth and saw-toothed grain beetle in the latter phases of the experiment. An application of dip mixture (1 % drying oil plus 17 g/litre K2CO3) suppressed vinegar flies and dried fruit beetles for a short period but had no effect on the other insect pests.

Control of Drosophila spp., Carpophilus spp., and Ephestia figulilella (Gregson) in Sultana grapes grown for dried fruit

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The mosquito and predatory insect fauna inhabiting fresh‐water ponds, with particular reference to Culex annulirostris Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae)

Control of Drosophila spp., Carpophilus spp., and Ephestia figulilella (Gregson) in Sultana grapes grown for dried fruit