Background Short-term exposure to NO2 has been associated with adverse health effects and there is increasing concern that NO2 is causally related to health effects, not merely a marker of traffic-generated pollution. No comprehensive meta-analysis of the time-series evidence on NO2 has been published since 2007. Objective To quantitatively assess the evidence from epidemiological time-series studies published worldwide to determine whether and to what extent short-term exposure to NO2 is associated with increased numbers of daily deaths and hospital admissions. Design We conducted a quantitative systematic review of 204 time-series studies of NO2 and daily mortality and hospital admissions for several diagnoses and ages, which were indexed in three bibliographic databases up to May 2011. We calculated random-effects estimates by different geographic regions and globally, and also tested for heterogeneity and small study bias. Results Sufficient estimates for meta-analysis were available for 43 cause-specific and age-specific combinations of mortality or hospital admissions (25 for 24 h NO2 and 18 of the same combinations for 1 h measures). For the all-age group, a 10 µg/m3 increase in 24 h NO2 was associated with increases in all-cause, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality (0.71% (95% CI 0.43% to 1.00%), 0.88% (0.63% to 1.13%) and 1.09% (0.75% to 1.42%), respectively), and with hospital admissions for respiratory (0.57% (0.33% to 0.82%)) and cardiovascular (0.66% (0.32% to 1.01%)) diseases. Evidence of heterogeneity between geographical region-specific estimates was identified in more than half of the combinations analysed. Conclusions Our review provides clear evidence of health effects associated with short-term exposure to NO2 although further work is required to understand reasons for the regional heterogeneity observed. The growing literature, incorporating large multicentre studies and new evidence from less well-studied regions of the world, supports further quantitative review to assess the independence of NO2 health effects from other air pollutants.

https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/5/5/e006946.full.pdf

Quantitative systematic review of the associations between short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and mortality and hospital admissions

Impact of synoptic meteorological conditions on air quality in three different case studies in Rome, Italy

Background: In 1993–1997, we described a high incidence of wheezing in children living near the iron, steel, and coke factory of Calarasi (Romania). In 1998, the factory was closed. Objective: To investigate the influence of closing the factory on the incidence of wheezing in children living near the factory. Methods: We used this natural experiment to compare wheezing occurrence in children below age 2 in an area near the factory and in a village 10 km from the factory (Roseţi). We studied three birth cohorts: those 2 years old before the closing of the factory (group 1), those born before the closing and returning 2 after the closing (group 2), those born after the closing (group 3). Results: The relative risk (95% CI) of having at least one episode of wheezing during the first life-year was 0.51 (0.30–0.85) in group 3 versus group 1, and 0.95 (0.64–1.40) for group 2 versus group 1. After adjusting for possible confounders, the incidence dropped in Calarasi (odds ratio [OR] 0.38, 95% CI 0.19–0.76), whil...

Industrial air pollution and children's respiratory health: a natural experiment in Călăraşi.

It is known that air pollution and meteorological parameters have a negative effect on various respiratory and cardiovascular parameters. In this study, the relationship between emergency hospital admissions for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and the meteorological and air pollution parameters over the same period were investigated. Some 2889 patients admitted to the emergency internal medicine unit between 1997-2001 were included in this study. The number of patient admissions per month with a diagnosis of ACS were determined and the relationship between meteorological parameters (pressure, temperature, humidity) and mean values of parameters of pollution including carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), mass of particles smaller than 10 m (PM10) were investigated. Monthly admission figures for ACS were positively correlated with pressure and negatively correlated with temperature. No relationship between air humidity and admission for ACS was detected. Ther...

The Effect of Air Pollution and Meteorological Parameters in Istanbul on Hospital Admissions for Acute Coronary Syndrome

IN THAI .................................................................. iv ABSTACT IN ENGLISH .............................................................. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................. vi CONTENTS.............................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLE........................................................................ x LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................... xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS......................................................... xvi CHAPTER

/pdf/comparison-of-daily-mortality-effects-of-outdoor-ambient-air-372tbjlfxm.pdf

Comparison of daily mortality effects of outdoor (ambient) air pollution between 1999-2001 and 2006-2008 in Bangkok : time stratified case-crossover study

Two time-series studies, aimed at evaluating the acute health effect of air pollution among Rome inhabitants, were carried out. In the first study the correlation between daily mortality (1992 to 1995) and daily concentrations of five air pollutants (particles, SO2, NO2, CO, O3) was analyzed. In the second study the association between daily levels of the same pollutants and hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular disease (1995-97) was evaluated. Poisson regression models were used to estimate the association between pollutant levels and health effect variables; the models included smooth functions of day of study, mean temperature, mean humidity and indicator variables for day of the week and holidays. Daily total mortality was associated with particle average concentration on that day and with NO2 levels of one or two days before. Hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease were positively correlated to particles, SO2, NO2, e CO. Hospital admissions for respiratory disease were associated with NO2 and CO levels of the same day and of two days before among children (0-14 years) and among adults (15-64 years). Increments of ozone were associated with increments of total respiratory and of acute respiratory diseases in children (0-14 years).

Acute effects of air pollution in Rome

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Acute effects of air pollution in Rome