It is well known that urbanization and industrialization have resulted in the rapidly increasing emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are a major contributor to the formation of secondary pollutants (e.g., tropospheric ozone, PAN (peroxyacetyl nitrate), and secondary organic aerosols) and photochemical smog. The emission of these pollutants has led to a large decline in air quality in numerous regions around the world, which has ultimately led to concerns regarding their impact on human health and general well-being. Catalytic oxidation is regarded as one of the most promising strategies for VOC removal from industrial waste streams. This Review systematically documents the progresses and developments made in the understanding and design of heterogeneous catalysts for VOC oxidation over the past two decades. It addresses in detail how catalytic performance is often drastically affected by the pollutant sources and reaction conditions. It also highlights the primary routes for catalyst deactivation and discusses protocols for their subsequent reactivation. Kinetic models and proposed oxidation mechanisms for representative VOCs are also provided. Typical catalytic reactors and oxidizers for industrial VOC destruction are further discussed. We believe that this Review will provide a great foundation and reference point for future design and development in this field.

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Recent Advances in the Catalytic Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds: A Review Based on Pollutant Sorts and Sources.

Catalytic ozonation of VOCs at low temperature: A comprehensive review

Manganese based catalysts are highly active in the NH3-SCR reaction for NOx removal. Unfortunately, manganese oxides can be easily deactivated by sulfur dioxide in the flow gas, which has become the main obstacle for their practical applications. To address this problem, we presented a green and facile method for the synthesis of multi-shell Fe2O3@MnOx@CNTs. The morphology and structural properties of the catalysts were systematically investigated. The results revealed that the MnOx@CNT core-shell structure was formed during the chemical bath deposition, while the outermost MnOx species were transformed to Fe2O3 after the galvanic replacement reaction. The formation of the multi-shell structure induced the enhancement of the active oxygen species, reducible species as well as adsorption of the reactants, which brought about excellent de-NOx performance. Moreover, the Fe2O3 shell could effectively suppress the formation of the surface sulfate species, leading to the desirable SO2 resistance to the multi-shell catalyst. Hence, the synthesis protocol could provide guidance for the preparation and elevation of manganese based catalysts.

Design of multi-shell Fe2O3@MnO(x)@CNTs for the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3: improvement of catalytic activity and SO2 tolerance.

Review on the latest developments in modified vanadium-titanium-based SCR catalysts

A series of tungsten-modified Cu0.02Fe0.2TiOx catalysts (Cu0.02Fe0.2WaTiOx; a = 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03) was synthesized by sol-gel method. Their catalytic activities were investigated for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH3, in the presence/absence of 5 vol.% H2O. The characterization techniques of XRD, BET, Raman, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD, XPS, in situ DRIFTS, and kinetic studies were used to reveal the effect of tungsten modification on the redox and acidity of the Cu0.02Fe0.2WaTiOx catalysts. The relationship among the species composition, acid property, and oxidation-reduction behavior of the Cu0.02Fe0.2WaTiOx catalysts was established. Results demonstrated that a moderate amount of tungsten doping can markedly enhance the specific surface area, improve the abundant Bronsted and Lewis acid sites, and tune the surface species composition, which all benefited high-performance catalysis. Water/sulfur resistance also improved because of the excellent acidity levels. Among the Cu0.02Fe0.2WaTiOx catalysts, Cu0.02Fe0.2W0.02TiOx showed the highest NO conversion, a wide reaction-temperature window (235–520 °C) with >90% NO conversion, high N2 selectivity, and high water/sulfur resistance even in the presence of 5 vol.% H2O. Moreover, Cu0.02Fe0.2W0.02TiOx retained its outstanding catalytic activity under a rather high gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 100,000 h−1. In conclusion, the combined effects of redox and sufficient acidities on catalytic activity played key roles in superior SCR performance and water/sulfur durability. Furthermore, the NH3-SCR reaction over Cu0.02Fe0.2W0.02TiOx may follow the Eley–Rideal reaction pathway according to the in situ DRIFTS and kinetic studies results.

Effect of W on the acidity and redox performance of the Cu0.02Fe0.2WaTiOx (a = 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) catalysts for NH3-SCR of NO

A series of V2O5–CeOX/TiO2-carbon nanotube composites were prepared by sol–gel method and their catalytic activity for the reduction of NOX with NH3 was compared. V2O5CeOX/TiO2 (Ce/V = 9) achieved a NOX removal efficiency of 92% and 98% at 200 °C and 250 °C, respectively. SEM, XRD, XPS, BET, Raman, TPD and TPR were employed to probe the promotional effect of CeOX. The appearance of Ce3+ is found to increase chemisorbed oxygen thus facilitates the catalytic reduction of NOX. The poisoning effect caused by SO2 was found to depend on temperatures and gas velocity strongly. Moreover, the existence of excess oxygen was found to be essential (2% of O2 compared to 500 ppm NOX) to keep high SCR activity.

Promotional effect of CeOX for NO reduction over V2O5/TiO2-carbon nanotube composites

Ozone is found to promote the monochlorobenzene (CB) catalytic oxidation over carbon nanotubes supported copper oxide composite up to reaction temperature of 300 °C. Especially at 250 °C, a CB conversion of 99 %, together with a CO2 selectivity of 98 %, was observed. The selective adsorption of CB, the promotion of Cu+ to Cu2+ oxidation, and the combination of O3 and high temperature activated gas phase O2 are all considered to attribute to the high CB conversion and CO2 selectivity at temperature above 250 °C. Effects of O3 on catalytic oxidation of CB over CuOX/CNTs were studied. A CB conversion of 99 % and a CO2 selectivity of 98 % were achieved at 250 °C, which could be mainly attributed to the synergy between the CB oxidation by O3 and activated O2.

Ozone Promotion of Monochlorobenzene Catalytic Oxidation Over Carbon Nanotubes-Supported Copper Oxide at High Temperature

Temperature-dependent effects of SO2 on selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by NH3 over a TiO2 and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) supported iron–copper oxides catalyst were examined. At temperature below 300 °C, deposition of sulfites and sulfates on the catalyst surface suppressed NH3 adsorption, NO adsorption, and oxidation, which induced catalyst deactivation. The deposited sulfite/sulfates could be partially removed by 400 °C postannealing, which regenerated the catalyst. At temperature above 350 °C, NO adsorption was promoted by SO2 introduction, and suppression of NH3 adsorption also minimized the side reaction of NH3 oxidation, which increased the NO removal efficiency from 68% to 80% through reaction between adsorbed NO and gaseous NH3.

Temperature-Dependent Effects of SO2 on Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO over Fe–Cu–OX/CNTs–TiO2 Catalysts

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Promotional effect of CeOX for NO reduction over V2O5/TiO2-carbon nanotube composites

Ozone Promotion of Monochlorobenzene Catalytic Oxidation Over Carbon Nanotubes-Supported Copper Oxide at High Temperature

Temperature-Dependent Effects of SO2 on Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO over Fe–Cu–OX/CNTs–TiO2 Catalysts