Individual motorized transport is a major source of emissions and needs to be reduced to meet international agreements. Although alternatives to internal combustion engine vehicles are already on the market, without extensive political support, electric vehicle (EV) adoption remains low. Understanding the drivers of adoption of alternative technologies is key to develop effective measures to accelerate their diffusion. This paper presents individual consumer characteristics and home-location based spatial characteristics of current battery electric vehicle (BEV) and internal combustion engine vehicle holders, in a region free from strong EV policies. Using a generalized linear mixed-effects logistic model on this revealed preference data, we find that BEV adoption is predicted by technology affinity, high income, green party preferences, and living in one’s own house. Altogether, the study offers insights on the characteristics of early adopters of BEVs that can be valuable to policymakers, energy grid and charging infrastructure operators, as well as the automotive industry.

Battery Electric Vehicle adoption in regions without strong policies

Electric vehicles (EVs) have been increasingly experiencing sales growth, and it is still not clear how to handle the associated impacts of a substantial integration of EVs against the power network performance and electricity deregulated market Power networks development moves slowly compared to EVs, so it is hard to harmonize the two systems Also, the associated cost required to modernize electric networks to accommodate the EVs additional loading is so huge that it makes it impractical An electric network would suffer from many performances and quality-related problems if a significant number of EVs are not taken into account Thus, it is vital to calculate at a reasonable accuracy the additional capacity to which the network would take Also, the modeling of these EVs in terms of charge/discharge procedure (central or distributed) is essential to enable the optimization and compute potential impacts The electricity market has to interface with the bidirectional supply nature of the EVs, so they become economically feasible A business model that incorporates market structure and standards is selected in harmony with the charge/discharge model for best outcomes Some approaches, algorithms, and schemes are deemed necessary to mitigate the effects of having EVs in the network This paper presents a comprehensive review categorically on the recent advances and past research developments of EV paradigm over the last two decades The main intent of this paper is to provide an application-focused survey, where every category and subcategory herein is thoroughly and independently investigated

/pdf/electric-vehicles-beyond-energy-storage-and-modern-power-44t480i4sb.pdf

Electric Vehicles Beyond Energy Storage and Modern Power Networks: Challenges and Applications

Various Demand Side Management (DSM) approaches have been developed the last couple of years to avoid costly grid upgrades. However, evaluation of these DSM methodologies is usually restricted to a use-case specific example, making comparison between different DSM approaches hard. This paper presents a novel, open source, load profile generator to evaluate and compare DSM approaches. In addition to static load profiles for both active and reactive power, it also provides flexibility information for various classes of controllable domestic devices. Load profiles and flexibility information are generated using a simple behavioural simulation. The output data uses 1 minute intervals and incorporates device measurements. The generated profiles are in sound with the measurement data obtained in a field test on both the household level and aggregated neighbourhood level. The same dynamics, such as unbalanced loading and rapid power consumption fluctuations, are observed in the generated model.

/pdf/generation-of-flexible-domestic-load-profiles-to-evaluate-4oaqwu236u.pdf

Generation of flexible domestic load profiles to evaluate Demand Side Management approaches

Electric vehicles (EVs) are penetrating rapidly into the transport sector while making profound implications on the electricity and energy sectors. Although EVs have many benefits, it poses several challenges on power grid operators. Uncoordinated EV charging is one of the critical issues that need to be addressed to mitigate the potential adverse effects on power grids. Smart charging and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies could alleviate these adverse effects but requires policies and regulatory frameworks to increase the uptake of these technologies. This paper presents a critical review on the effects of uncoordinated charging of EVs, and the benefits of smart charging and V2G considering the published research studies and real-world field trials. Simulation case studies also demonstrate the adverse effects of uncoordinated charging and the benefits of smart charging. According to this study, uncoordinated charging increases the peak load, which in turn causes high power losses, voltage violations, voltage unbalance, reduction of transformer lifespan and harmonic distortion. This study has established that smart charging alleviates these network issues and brings a wide range of economic, social, and environmental benefits. In particular, role of smart charging as a mandatory requirement for attaining the net-zero decarbonization target of the transport sector is highlighted. Finally, the paper sheds light on the policy, standards and regulatory frameworks that need to be implemented to promote smart charging and V2G technologies among EV owners and charging infrastructure developers. 

/pdf/reaping-the-benefits-of-smart-electric-vehicle-charging-and-2asd9npq.pdf

Reaping the Benefits of Smart Electric Vehicle Charging and Vehicle-to-Grid Technologies: Regulatory, Policy and Technical Aspects

Driven by the effects of climate change, our world is in a rapid transition towards a sustainable society powered by renewable energy, such as produced by solar panels and wind turbines. As a result, the supply of energy becomes less controllable, endangering the stability of the electricity system. On the other hand, the adoption of electric vehicles and heat pumps also provides an opportunity to avoid overloading as electricity can be produced and consumed locally. The scope of this thesis is to perform decentralized energy management, specifically within residential distribution grids where large scale adoption of distributed energy resources (DERs) is expected. A cyber-physical systems approach is taken to study the interaction between control systems, the operation of devices and the effect on the physical grid. The first contribution is a proactive control methodology called profile steering to decentralize the coordination between all DERs in a microgrid. The hierarchical structure of profile steering allows for a natural mapping between and radially operated low voltage grids. The model predictive nature of this approach resolves prediction errors in both the time and energy domain. A second contribution is a control methodology based on double-sided auctions, for real-time balancing in islanding situations. In such situations, DERs can assist conventional backup solutions in balancing a microgrid. Local information can be used to avoid overloading when communication networks fail. The third contribution is the developed simulation and demonstration framework to test these control methodologies in a cyber-physical systems context. A real-life stress-test resulted in a supply interruption due to grid overloading. The lack of controllability was a major cause for this, illustrating the importance of control in future distribution grids. The presented decentralized energy management approach is a valuable tool to unlock flexibility of DERs and provide means for a smooth energy transition.

/pdf/a-cyber-physical-systems-perspective-on-decentralized-energy-770i8fkerz.pdf

A Cyber-Physical Systems Perspective on Decentralized Energy Management

To evaluate the impact of the energy transition on distribution grids, a year 2025 scenario stress test was conducted in a real Dutch distribution grid. For this, the authors confronted the local low-voltage grid of a village with 20 electrical vehicles and ovens. The result was a short service interruption which could not be avoided by control. Furthermore, severe unbalance and high peak load were observed, resulting in large voltage drops and severe neutral point shifts. The obtained measurements are used to validate simulation models used to study the effect of novel control strategies to balance the local grid.

/pdf/charging-electric-vehicles-baking-pizzas-and-melting-a-fuse-4902g6z30p.pdf

Charging electric vehicles, baking pizzas, and melting a fuse in Lochem

The number of (hybrid) electric vehicles is growing, leading to a higher demand for electricity in distribution grids. To investigate the effects of the expected peak demand on distribution grids, a stress test with 15 electric vehicles in a single street is conducted and described in this paper. The test is conducted in a neighbourhood where both transformers and households are equipped with measurement devices. A significant maximum power consumption increase (more than double) is observed at one transformer when both the electric vehicles and domestic loads stress the network. The observed voltage drop in the network is 17V. Analysis further shows that the hosting capacity is around 15%–20% for the investigated networks and that under voltage is unlikely to occur. The measurements are compared to a simulation and the results show that the simulations predict the actual measurement accurately.

Impact of peak electricity demand in distribution grids: A stress test

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Charging electric vehicles, baking pizzas, and melting a fuse in Lochem

Impact of peak electricity demand in distribution grids: A stress test