Aim To determine the extent of gender-related differences in the prevalence of glucose intolerance for the Australian population and whether body size may explain such differences. Methods Cross-sectional data were collected from a national cohort of 11 247 Australians aged ≥ 25 years. Glucose tolerance status was assessed according to both fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-h plasma glucose (2hPG) levels following a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Anthropometric and glycated haemoglobin measurements were also made. Results Undiagnosed diabetes and non-diabetic glucose abnormalities were more prevalent among men than women when based only on the FPG results (diabetes: men 2.2%, women 1.6%, P = 0.02; impaired fasting glycaemia: men 12.3%, women 6.6%, P P = 0.14). Women had a mean FPG 0.3 mmol/l lower than men ( P P = 0.002) and FPG-2hPG increment 0.5 mmol/l greater ( P Conclusions Men and women had different glycaemic profiles; women had higher mean 2hPG levels, despite lower fasting levels. It appeared that the higher 2hPG levels for women related to lesser height and may be a consequence of using a fixed glucose load in the OGTT, irrespective of body size.

Differences in height explain gender differences in the response to the oral glucose tolerance test- the AusDiab study.

The process of diagnosing diabetes mellitus cannot be regarded as an exact science. It has evolved over many years and even now continues to change as our knowledge and perception of the condition alter. In the majority of cases the diagnosis is not difficult, but a dilemma does exist in the rather wide and hazy zone between normality and obvious diabetes. There are also certain situations, such as pregnancy, where special factors apply and which require separate consideration. Of course, diabetes mellitus is not a single entity. It comprises different types with different aetiologies, e.g. type I (insulindependent), type II (non-insulin-dependent), maturity onset diabetes of the young, etc., and these may present in different ways, be attended by different complications and require different methods of treatment. Nevertheless, they are all associated with greater or lesser degrees of carbohydrate intolerance and current methods of diagnosis usually depend on this without providing any differentiation by type.

The Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus, Including Gestational Diabetes:

To find an optimal threshold level with higher sensitivity and specificity for screening of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Turkish pregnant women. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective study. Screening for GDM was performed in all pregnant women between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation using the 1 h 50 g glucose challenge test (GCT) with a subsequent 3 h 100 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for confirmation if screened positive. The glucose values obtained were analyzed by both the Carpenter and Coustan (C&C criteria) and National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) criteria. Results: There were 808 women meeting the study inclusion criteria. There were 66 (8.1%) women diagnosed with GDM using the C&C criteria and 45 (5.7%) using the NDDG criteria. The best cut-off point for GCT was 132 mg/dL for detecting GDM. No diabetes was found below the glucose level of 130 mg/dL. Conclusion: GCT is suitable for screening of Turkish women, but place of residence as well as race must be taken into consideration to establish the best cut-off level of GCT, since ethnic and environmental factors may contribute to the occurrence of GDM.

https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/medical/issues/sag-12-42-3/sag-42-3-21-1102-1368.pdf

What is the best cut-off point for screening gestational diabetes in Turkish women?

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) during pregnancy cause significant fetal and maternal morbidity. Evaluation of glycemic status throughout the pregnancy especially during second and third trimesters is of paramount importance to detect GDM and IGT cases. This can help taking appropriate control measures and to avoid unwanted feto-maternal outcomes. The focus of this research is to understand variation of glycemic status at different trimester and generate a baseline data for Bangladesh using a case study. A total of 300 pregnant women at different trimester of pregnancy were recruited for the study. Plasma glucose levels both fasting and post prandial were done by standard laboratory procedure in all pregnant women included in this study. Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) level of all pregnant women were also estimated and expressed in percentage (%). Out of 300 pregnant women 57% were in 3rd , 32% were in the 2nd and 11 % were in the 1st trimester. The results found 3%, 6.3% and 4.1% pregnant women in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester respectively had significantly raised level of postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) and HbA1c levels with cumulative prevalence of 4.7%. This finding is consistent with the range of GDM as per World Health Organization (WHO) estimates in different population study. The finding from this research will be beneficial to understand the risk for GDM implement patient screening plan to work effectively in Bangladesh. KYAMC Journal Vol. 7, No.-2, Jan 2017, Page 791-794

/pdf/glycemic-status-during-different-trimester-of-pregnancy-33o6hop4p1.pdf

Glycemic Status During Different Trimester of Pregnancy

The plasma insulin was measured by a radioimmunoassay method in 48 non-pregnant or pregnant women during glucose tolerance test (100 g glucose by mouth) Each of these 2 groups included non-obese, non-diabetic women, obese females and potential diabetic patients The non-obese, non-diabetic, non-pregnant subjects showed mean plasma insulin levels of 252, 772, 570, 578 and 447μU/ml respectively 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 minutes after glucose loading The obese normoglycemic non pregnant females presented a normal fasting plasma insulin level which reaches 1847,μU/ml 45 minutes after glucose intake The late pregnancy (7th to 9th month) did not change the plasma insulin observed in the non-obese, non-diabetic and obese women The non-pregnant females with potential diabetes showed a normal fasting plasma insulin with a maximum of 969μU/ml 90 minutes after the beginning of the test In these patients between the 4th to the 9th month of the pregnancy, the maximum of 682μU/ml was only obtained 3 hours after the glucose loading-The physio-pathological significance of these results is discussed

/pdf/plasma-insulin-levels-during-pregnancy-in-obesity-and-45z0pfgjnp.pdf

Plasma Insulin Levels During Pregnancy, in Obesity and Potential Diabetes

Glucose tolerance in pregnancy

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Glucose tolerance in pregnancy