The moniker rubble pile is typically applied to all Solar System bodies >200 m and <∼10 km in diameter; in this size range, there is an abundance of evidence that nearly every object is bound prima...

Rubble Pile Asteroids

Radar observations and a physical model of binary near-Earth asteroid 65803 Didymos, target of the DART mission

Although no known asteroid poses a threat to Earth for at least the next century, the catalogue of near-Earth asteroids is incomplete for objects whose impacts would produce regional devastation1,2. Several approaches have been proposed to potentially prevent an asteroid impact with Earth by deflecting or disrupting an asteroid1-3. A test of kinetic impact technology was identified as the highest-priority space mission related to asteroid mitigation1. NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission is a full-scale test of kinetic impact technology. The mission's target asteroid was Dimorphos, the secondary member of the S-type binary near-Earth asteroid (65803) Didymos. This binary asteroid system was chosen to enable ground-based telescopes to quantify the asteroid deflection caused by the impact of the DART spacecraft4. Although past missions have utilized impactors to investigate the properties of small bodies5,6, those earlier missions were not intended to deflect their targets and did not achieve measurable deflections. Here we report the DART spacecraft's autonomous kinetic impact into Dimorphos and reconstruct the impact event, including the timeline leading to impact, the location and nature of the DART impact site, and the size and shape of Dimorphos. The successful impact of the DART spacecraft with Dimorphos and the resulting change in the orbit of Dimorphos7 demonstrates that kinetic impactor technology is a viable technique to potentially defend Earth if necessary. 

pdf/successful-kinetic-impact-into-an-asteroid-for-planetary-2rzwlwju.pdf

Successful kinetic impact into an asteroid for planetary defence

In the past decade, the number of known binary near-Earth asteroids has more than quadrupled and the number of known large main belt asteroids with satellites has doubled. Half a dozen triple asteroids have been discovered, and the previously unrecognized populations of asteroid pairs and small main belt binaries have been identified. The current observational evidence confirms that small ( 20 km) binaries with small satellites are most likely created during large collisions.

Asteroid Systems: Binaries, Triples, and Pairs

Arecibo radar observations of near-Earth asteroid (3200) Phaethon during the 2017 apparition

https://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroids/becker.etal.2015.2001sn263.pdf

Physical modeling of triple near-Earth Asteroid (153591) 2001 SN263 from radar and optical light curve observations

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Physical modeling of triple near-Earth Asteroid (153591) 2001 SN263 from radar and optical light curve observations