Zygotes are totipotent cells that have the ability to differentiate into all cell types. It is believed that this ability is lost gradually and differentiation occurs along with the progression of preimplantation development. Here, we hypothesized that the loose chromatin structure is involved in the totipotency of one-cell stage embryos and that the change from loose to tight chromatin structure is associated with the loss of totipotency. To address this hypothesis, we investigated the mobility of eGFP-tagged histone H2B (eGFP-H2B), which is an index for the looseness of chromatin, during preimplantation development based on fluorescent recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis. The highest mobility of eGFP-H2B was observed in pronuclei in 1-cell stage embryos and mobility gradually decreased during preimplantation development. The decrease in mobility between the 1- and 2-cell stages depended on DNA synthesis in 2-cell stage embryos. In nuclear transferred embryos, chromatin in the pseudopronuclei loosened to a level comparable to the pronuclei in 1-cell stage embryos. These results indicated that the mobility of eGFP-H2B is negatively correlated with the degree of differentiation of preimplantation embryos. Therefore, we suggest that highly loosened chromatin is involved in totipotency of 1-cell embryos and the loss of looseness is associated with differentiation during preimplantation development.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15592294.2015.1136774

Analysis of chromatin structure in mouse preimplantation embryos by fluorescent recovery after photobleaching

Genome-wide RNA sequencing has shown that only a small fraction of the human genome is transcribed into protein-coding mRNAs. While once thought to be “junk” DNA, recent findings indicate that the rest of the genome encodes many types of non-coding RNA molecules with a myriad of functions still being determined. Among the non-coding RNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) and enhancer RNAs (eRNA) are found to be most copious. While their exact biological functions and mechanisms of action are currently unknown, technologies such as next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and global nuclear run-on sequencing (GRO-seq) have begun deciphering their expression patterns and biological significance. In addition to their identification, it has been shown that the expression of long non-coding RNAs and enhancer RNAs can vary due to spatial, temporal, developmental, or hormonal variations. In this review, we explore newly reported information on estrogen-regulated eRNAs and lncRNAs and their associated biological functions to help outline their markedly prominent roles in estrogen-dependent signaling.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/10/3711/pdf

Emerging Roles of Estrogen-Regulated Enhancer and Long Non-Coding RNAs.

Regulatory mechanisms involved in the control of CYP6M2 gene in insecticide resistant in Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae)

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are known to play a central role in the adaptive response of insects and other animals to chemicals in the environment. Drosophila spp. P450s are known to be regulated by Cap ‘n’ collar isoform C (CnCC) and/ Spineless (ss) which are orthologs to Nuclear factor erythroid-2 factor 2 (Nrf2)/Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in higher mammals. However, the mechanism underpinning this regulation in insects including fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster is poorly understood. Understanding the constitutive and inducible patterns of expression requires knowledge about the signalling pathways that control insect P450 expression, which is still lacking for most identified insect P450s. D. melanogaster, because of its longstanding use as a genetic model insect, is a powerful tool for identifying possible regulatory mechanisms and for following expression through to function. Here, we describe the roles played by the cis-acting elements and the Transcription Factors (TFIF) mechanisms involved in the regulation of cytochrome P450 genes in D. melanogaster in response to xenobiotic compounds. These cis-acting elements include; promoters, enhancers, repressors, silencers and insulators. The regulatory mechanisms involved in the regulation of the P450s by the spineless (ss)/tango (Tgo) and CnCC/dKeap1 (Drosophila Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1) signalling pathways in insecticide resistance were also extensively discussed. This review increases our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms involved in the insecticide metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster.

https://www.longdom.org/open-access/understanding-the-mechanisms-involved-in-the-regulation-of-cytochrome-p450-gene-expression-in-drosophila-melanogaster-diptera-dros-2161-0983-1000189.pdf

Understanding the Mechanisms Involved in the Regulation of Cytochrome P450 Gene Expression in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Higher-order chromatin organization in cell nucleus is mysterious. Microscopy and highthroughput sequencing technologies have been applied to reveal the connections between genome structure and gene transcription, which is the main topic of my thesis. Higher-order chromatin organization differs across cell types and species, giving an insight into disease genesis and tumorigenesis. Despite an enormous progress has been made recently in epigenomic study, lots of things remain unknown. My dissertation reviews the current understanding of epigenomics, characterizes chromatin interaction in mammalian cells using different technologies, investigates chromatin reorganization in breast cancer cells, analyzes integrated genomic and epigenomic data in breast cancer metastasis and discusses results and future directions. Dissertation Jacqueline Jufen Zhu i Characterization of Chromatin Interaction in Mammalian Cells Jacqueline Jufen Zhu B.E., Nanjing Agricultural University, 2010 M.S., Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2013 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Connecticut

Characterization of Chromatin Interaction in Mammalian Cells

Enhancer elements regulate the tissue- and developmental-stage-specific expression of genes. Recent estimates suggest that there are more than 50,000 enhancers in mammalian cells. At least a subset of enhancers has been shown to recruit RNA polymerase II transcription complexes and to generate enhancer transcripts. Here, we provide an overview of enhancer function and discuss how transcription of enhancers or enhancer-generated transcripts could contribute to the regulation of gene expression during development and differentiation.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/1/3/778/pdf

Recruitment of transcription complexes to enhancers and the role of enhancer transcription

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Recruitment of transcription complexes to enhancers and the role of enhancer transcription