A broad organic–inorganic series of hybrid metal iodide perovskites with the general formulation AMI3, where A is the methylammonium (CH3NH3+) or formamidinium (HC(NH2)2+) cation and M is Sn (1 and 2) or Pb (3 and 4) are reported. The compounds have been prepared through a variety of synthetic approaches, and the nature of the resulting materials is discussed in terms of their thermal stability and optical and electronic properties. We find that the chemical and physical properties of these materials strongly depend on the preparation method. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of 1–4 classifies the compounds in the perovskite structural family. Structural phase transitions were observed and investigated by temperature-dependent single crystal X-ray diffraction in the 100–400 K range. The charge transport properties of the materials are discussed in conjunction with diffuse reflectance studies in the mid-IR region that display characteristic absorption features. Temperature-dependent studies show a ...

Semiconducting tin and lead iodide perovskites with organic cations: phase transitions, high mobilities, and near-infrared photoluminescent properties.

Glycoproteins, glycolipids, and glycophospholipids (glycoconjugates) are components of membranes. The oligosaccharide residue is responsible for intercellular recognition and interaction; it acts as a receptor for proteins, hormones, and viruses and governs immune reactions. These significant activities have stimulated interest in oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. With their help it should be possible to clarify the molecular basis of these phenomena and to derive new principles of physiological activity. Major advances in the synthesis of oligosaccharides have been made by the use of the Koenigs-Knorr method, in which glycosyl halides in the presence of heavy-metal salts are employed to transfer the glycosyl group to nucleophiles. The disadvantages of this procedure have led to an intensive search for new methods. Such methods will be discussed in this article. Emphasis is placed on glycoside and saccharide formation by 1-O-alkylation, on the trichloroacetimidate method, and on activation through the formation of glycosylsulfonium salts and glycosyl fluorides.

New Methods for the Synthesis of Glycosides and Oligosaccharides—Are There Alternatives to the Koenigs‐Knorr Method? [New Synthetic Methods (56)]

Water is truly ubiquitous. Approximately 80% of the earth’s surface is covered by water, although only 1% of this is drinkable water. Water is the solvent of life and makes up about 60% of the mass of the human body. The majority of synthetic organic chemistry carried out in research laboratories or industrial processes utilizes organic solvents, however. Organic solvents have a number of attractive features: they will dissolve a wide range of organic compounds, they come with a variety of properties, and they are often volatile and easily removed. Unfortunately, organic solvents are often toxic, flammable, and nonrenewable and have low heat capacities. In contrast, water is nontoxic and nonflammable, has a high heat capacity, and is relatively inexpensive. Of course water has some significant drawbacks as a solvent: it is a poor solvent for most organic molecules, and it is highly reactive with many classes of reagents. Because of these drawbacks, water is rarely used as a primary solvent in synthetic organic chemistry, although there is a growing body of work related to organic chemistry in water.1-3

Hydrophilic Ligands and Their Application in Aqueous-Phase Metal-Catalyzed Reactions

Catalytic glycosylation has been a central reaction in carbohydrate chemistry since its introduction by Fischer 125 years ago, but it is only in the past three to four decades that catalytic methods for synthesizing oligosaccharides have appeared. Despite the development of numerous elegant and ingenious catalytic glycosylation methods, only a few are in general use. This review covers all methods of catalytic glycosylation with the focus on the development and application in oligosaccharide synthesis and provide an overview of the scope and limitations of these. The review also includes relevant mechanistic studies of catalytic glycosylations. The future of catalytic glycosylation chemistry is discussed, including specific, upcoming methods and possible directions for the field of research in general.

Catalytic Glycosylations in Oligosaccharide Synthesis

Dinitriles (5–7, 12, 13) react with enantiomerically pure β-amino alcohols (8 – 11,17) under zinc chloride catalysis to give optically active C2-symmetric bis(oxazolines). 1,2-Bis(2-oxazolin-2-yl)benzenes 1a – e are obtained under mild reaction conditions. 1H-NMR spectroscopy indicates the formation of 1:1 complexes 23 of these compounds with ZnCl2. The energy required for a conformational interconversion of zinc dichloride complex 23e was determined by variable-temperature 1H-NMR studies. An X-ray structure analysis was performed with the substituted [1,2-bis(2-oxazolinyl)benzene]zinc dichloride complex 23a.

Synthesis of Optically Active Bis(2-oxazolines): Crystal Structure of a 1,2-Bis(2-oxazolinyl)benzene ZnCl2 Complex

The Journal of Organic Chemistry is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Base-Catalyzed Reaction of Nitriles with Alcohols. A Convenient Route to Imidates and Amidine Salts FRED C. SCHAEFER, and GRACE A. PETERS J. Org. Chem., 1961, 26 (2), 412-418• DOI: 10.1021/jo01061a034 • Publication Date (Web): 01 May 2002 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on March 18, 2009

Base-Catalyzed Reaction of Nitriles with Alcohols. A Convenient Route to Imidates and Amidine Salts

Synthesis of the s-Triazine System. III.1 Trimerization of Imidates

The Cyanoethylation of Phosphine and Phenylphosphine

Preparation of Ethylenimine and Triethylenemelamine

Preparation and Reactions of N-Cyanoamidines

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