War is a highly complex and dynamic form of social conflict. This book demonstrates the importance of using sociological tools to understand the changing character of war and organised violence. The author offers an original analysis of the historical and contemporary impact that coercion and warfare have on the transformation of social life, and vice versa. Although war and violence were decisive components in the formation of modernity most analyses tend to shy away from the sociological study of the gory origins of contemporary social life. In contrast, this book brings the study of organised violence to the fore by providing a wide-ranging sociological analysis that links classical and contemporary theories with specific historical and geographical contexts. Topics covered include violence before modernity, warfare in the modern age, nationalism and war, war propaganda, battlefield solidarity, war and social stratification, gender and organised violence, and the new wars debate.

https://assets.cambridge.org/97805215/16518/frontmatter/9780521516518_frontmatter.pdf

The Sociology of War and Violence

This epic history compares the empires built by Spain and Britain in the Americas, from Columbus's arrival in the New World to the end of Spanish colonial rule in the early nineteenth century. J. H. Elliott, one of the most distinguished and versatile historians working today, offers us history on a grand scale, contrasting the worlds built by Britain and by Spain on the ruins of the civilizations they encountered and destroyed in North and South America. Elliott identifies and explains both the similarities and differences in the two empires' processes of colonization, the character of their colonial societies, their distinctive styles of imperial government, and the independence movements mounted against them. Based on wide reading in the history of the two great Atlantic civilizations, the book sets the Spanish and British colonial empires in the context of their own times and offers us insights into aspects of this dual history that still influence the Americas.

Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492-1830

Part I of this study examines the practical and symbolic connotations according the term "frontier" over time. Opening with its limited military-territorial usage in colonial North America, I consider this within the context of the theories of Frederick Jackson Turner, the later impact of those theories, and the redefinitions proposed by his later critics and defenders. In this process a fortified zone of cross-border conflict became a leading edge of agricultural settlement and, later still, an often distant border region. Within this last, pioneer-frontiersmen are usually prominent. Meanwhile the material, intellectual, spiritual and other cultural values of an established centre or metropolis are first asserted in often primitive and hostile conditions, only to later rebound to interact with the home metropolis. In Part III investigate the extent to which the Turner and postTurner concepts are applicable to the activities carried out on the oceans that cover some 70 percent of Earth's surface. Apart from the territorial frontier nature of many coastlines, I propose there is a more general "Oceanic Frontier" on which mariner-frontiersmen are the equivalents of their traditional counterparts on land. This Oceanic Frontier comprise three sub-frontiers: the coastline on land; the maritime (or adjacent) coastal waters; and the distant high seas or "oceanic" frontier per se. All exist in a symbiotic relationship that has a unique impact on the mariner-frontiersmen who exploit them, as well as on the coastal dwellers who support them. Finally, I suggest this results in essential cultural differences between inhabitants of such maritime frontiers and those of the traditionally agricultural, often initially peasant, cultures of the continental interiors.

Frontiers, oceans and coastal cultures : a preliminary reconnaissance

Law compliance in forestry con t inues to r ece ive considerable attention. The ITTO and FAO have recently issued a book on best practices for improving law compliance; now CIFOR has published the book that is the subject of this review “Justice in the forest Rural l ivel ihoods and forest law enforcement”. Edited by conservation activist Marcus Colchester and drawing upon six country cases (Bolivia, Cameroon, Canada, Honduras, Indonesia, and Nicaragua) and the inputs of five contributors, the book starts by highlighting estimates of proportion of illegallylogged timber – as high as 90 percent for some countries showing that in such cases, illegality is the norm and hardly excites notice. The study then draws attention to ‘Forest Law Enforcement and Governance’ (FLEG), highlighting the tendency for the law to limit the rights and livelihoods of forest-dependent communities. After suggesting that laws are often promulgated without adequate thought for livelihoods of the poor, the study draws attention to contradictions among laws and the adverse selectiveness in their application to local communities; the relative costliness or other difficulty of compliance by the smallscale; and the exclusion of the weak from corrupt political patronage that may allow large-scale abusers to go scot-free. It then mentions efforts being made by large enterprises or government agencies to share benefits with local communities, stating that such arrangements function poorly and may even lock the beneficiaries into benefiting from illegality. In places, the study mentions cases where perfectly legal forest operations by large industry can do more damage to local livelihoods and / or the environment than illegal ones; it concludes with a number of recommendations on future approaches. The message is that for local communities, the full application of the law may undermine livelihoods, sometimes inadvertently. Associated with this is the suggestion that at times, law enforcement may target the poor more than the large and powerful, even if the latter may do more harm. A second message is that some perfectly legal activities carried out by industrial-scale operators can nevertheless be harmful to both forests and local livelihoods and yet escape censure while less harmful activities by the poor often fall foul of the law. Coming as the work does from a research centre, its sections are formatted as answers to “research questions”, i.e.:

/pdf/justice-in-the-forest-rural-livelihoods-and-forest-law-3qhvecb6uw.pdf

Justice in the forest: rural livelihoods and forest law enforcement

From 1400 to 1900 the Atlantic Ocean served as a major highway, allowing people and goods to move easily between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. These interactions and exchanges transformed European, African, and American societies and led to the creation of new peoples, cultures, economies, and ideas throughout the Atlantic arena. The Atlantic World provides a comprehensive and lucid history of one of the most important and impactful cross-cultural encounters in human history. Empires, economies, and trade in the Atlantic world thrived due to the European drive to expand as well as the creative ways in which the peoples living along the Atlantic's borders adapted to that drive. This comprehensive, cohesively written textbook offers a balanced view of the activity in the Atlantic world. The 40 maps, 60 illustrations, and multiple excerpts from primary documents bring the history to life. Each chapter offers a reading list for those interested in a more in-depth look at the period.

/pdf/the-atlantic-world-europeans-africans-indians-and-their-2ngklztvvb.pdf

The Atlantic World: Europeans, Africans, Indians and their Shared History, 1400-1900

In this account of the Seven Years' War, Fred Anderson demonstrates that the conflict was more than just a peripheral squabble that anticipated the American Revolution, changing the character of British Imperialism with the mother country trying to reshape terms of empire and the colonists' place.

Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766

Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America 1754-1766

The Skulking Way of War: Technology and Tactics among the New England Indians.

A People's Army documents the many distinctions between British regulars and Massachusetts provincial troops during the Seven Years' War. Originally published by UNC Press in 1984, the book was the first investigation of colonial military life to give equal attention to official records and to the diaries and other writings of the common soldier. The provincials' own accounts of their experiences in the campaign amplify statistical profiles that define the men, both as civilians and as soldiers. These writings reveal in intimate detail their misadventures, the drudgery of soldiering, the imminence of death, and the providential world view that helped reconcile them to their condition and to the war.

A People's Army: Massachusetts Soldiers and Society in the Seven Years' War

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Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766

Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America 1754-1766

Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766

The Skulking Way of War: Technology and Tactics among the New England Indians.

A People's Army: Massachusetts Soldiers and Society in the Seven Years' War